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... Definition 2.5. Var = {v0 , v1 , v2 , . . .} is a countably infinite set of symbols whose elements are called variables. We assume that vm 6= vn for m 6= n and we assume that no variable appears as a function or relation symbol in any language that we will ever consider. Remark. We often use x, y, z ...
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... b. U ` a,b∈S ∀xa , y b c∈S ∃z c d∈S ∀ud (ud ∈dc z c ↔ (ud ∈da xa ∨ ud =da y b )). Here ‘=da ’ is not really in the language if d 6= a. In this case we read ud =da y b simply as ⊥. It’s a nice exercise to show that e.g. ACA0 and GB are sequential. Closely related to AS is adjunctive class theory ac. ...
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History of the function concept

The mathematical concept of a function (and the name) emerged in the 17th century in connection with the development of the calculus; for example, the slope dy/dx of a graph at a point was regarded as a function of the x-coordinate of the point. Functions were not explicitly considered in antiquity, but some precursors of the concept can perhaps be seen in the work of medieval philosophers and mathematicians such as Oresme.Mathematicians of the 18th century typically regarded a function as being defined by an analytic expression. In the 19th century, the demands of the rigorous development of analysis by Weierstrass and others, the reformulation of geometry in terms of analysis, and the invention of set theory by Cantor, eventually led to the much more general modern concept of a function as a single-valued mapping from one set to another.
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