I. IONIZATION OF CESIUM AT SURFACES II. THE ENERGY
... in an energy-conversion diode, the ratio of the emitter temperature to the cesium temperature strongly influences the operating properties. If this ratio exceeds 3. 2, an ionrich sheath usually forms at the emitter surface. Electrons are accelerated in the plasma space by this injection potential. A ...
... in an energy-conversion diode, the ratio of the emitter temperature to the cesium temperature strongly influences the operating properties. If this ratio exceeds 3. 2, an ionrich sheath usually forms at the emitter surface. Electrons are accelerated in the plasma space by this injection potential. A ...
„Thin Film Electroacoustic Devices“
... formation of an acoustic wave having a phase velocity of ...
... formation of an acoustic wave having a phase velocity of ...
1 CHAPTER 12 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS 12.1
... is, to put it charitably, a little limited. A thorough understanding of why some materials are magnetic requires a full course in the physics of the solid state, a course that I could not possibly give. Nevertheless, there are a few basic concepts and ideas concerned with magnetic materials which ev ...
... is, to put it charitably, a little limited. A thorough understanding of why some materials are magnetic requires a full course in the physics of the solid state, a course that I could not possibly give. Nevertheless, there are a few basic concepts and ideas concerned with magnetic materials which ev ...
1 CHAPTER 12 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS 12.1
... to say, the relative permeability is slightly less than 1. Consequently, when a diamagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, B < µ 0 H . If you are now hearing about this phenomenon for the first time, you may be a little surprised, and you will be expecting me to present a very short list of ...
... to say, the relative permeability is slightly less than 1. Consequently, when a diamagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, B < µ 0 H . If you are now hearing about this phenomenon for the first time, you may be a little surprised, and you will be expecting me to present a very short list of ...
A crystal cleavage mechanism for UHV STM.
... semiconductors crystals to prepare the samples. Moreover the position of the sample front surface (relative to the knife) edge is fixed during sample installation. Therefore a geometry size of cleaving crystals is of no importance and restricted only by the size of vice clamp and the spring force. O ...
... semiconductors crystals to prepare the samples. Moreover the position of the sample front surface (relative to the knife) edge is fixed during sample installation. Therefore a geometry size of cleaving crystals is of no importance and restricted only by the size of vice clamp and the spring force. O ...
Investigations at High Temperature in Both Equilibrium and Kinetic
... were realized in the temperature range between 1300 °C and 1500 °C. The vapor phase was analyzed and the ions Al+, N2+, N+, O2+, O+, Al2+ and Al2O+ were registrated in the mass spectrum as representatives of the gas species over AlN. These species are established in equilibrium state, but they need ...
... were realized in the temperature range between 1300 °C and 1500 °C. The vapor phase was analyzed and the ions Al+, N2+, N+, O2+, O+, Al2+ and Al2O+ were registrated in the mass spectrum as representatives of the gas species over AlN. These species are established in equilibrium state, but they need ...
7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
... of ions in water samples. Materials tap water samples, 10-mL graduated cylinder, potassium thiocyanate solution, dilute ethanoic acid, sodium oxalate solution, dropper Procedure Water “hardness” is based on ions present in the water. Have students bring water samples from home to test for hardness. ...
... of ions in water samples. Materials tap water samples, 10-mL graduated cylinder, potassium thiocyanate solution, dilute ethanoic acid, sodium oxalate solution, dropper Procedure Water “hardness” is based on ions present in the water. Have students bring water samples from home to test for hardness. ...
Electric and Magnetic Field Interactions with Materials
... too complex to keep track of in terms of individual charges, three parameters are defined to account for these interactions on a macroscopic scale. Induced polarization and alignment of permanent electric dipoles is accounted for by permittivity, also called dielectric constant, describes how much i ...
... too complex to keep track of in terms of individual charges, three parameters are defined to account for these interactions on a macroscopic scale. Induced polarization and alignment of permanent electric dipoles is accounted for by permittivity, also called dielectric constant, describes how much i ...
Compact Ion-source Based on Superionic Rubidium Silver Iodide
... deposited on a sharpened silver tip, has been developed and studied. Through an accelerating potential above 10 kV, established between emitter and collector, silver positive ions move through the electrolyte towards the emitting surface, where they are emitted from and accelerated. Via partial redo ...
... deposited on a sharpened silver tip, has been developed and studied. Through an accelerating potential above 10 kV, established between emitter and collector, silver positive ions move through the electrolyte towards the emitting surface, where they are emitted from and accelerated. Via partial redo ...
Growth mechanism of amorphous hydrogenated carbon
... ‘hard’ carbon films. The samples are transferred from the preparation chamber into the radical beam chamber without breaking the vacuum. The particle beam chamber is equipped with two radical beam sources for production of H and CH3. The radicals are produced via thermal dissociation of H2 or azomet ...
... ‘hard’ carbon films. The samples are transferred from the preparation chamber into the radical beam chamber without breaking the vacuum. The particle beam chamber is equipped with two radical beam sources for production of H and CH3. The radicals are produced via thermal dissociation of H2 or azomet ...
2014 Exams
... 2. What are the possible values of l if n = 5? a) -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, or +5 ...
... 2. What are the possible values of l if n = 5? a) -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, or +5 ...
Terahertz modulation of the Faraday effect by laser pulses via the
... and 5.4 THz).12,24–26 Note that the highest frequency observed in the experiment is about 7.27 THz (Supplementary materials G) indicating that the temporal resolution is not worse than 140 fs. This is much shorter than the pulse duration, which can be mistakingly deduced from the overlap in Fig. 2 ( ...
... and 5.4 THz).12,24–26 Note that the highest frequency observed in the experiment is about 7.27 THz (Supplementary materials G) indicating that the temporal resolution is not worse than 140 fs. This is much shorter than the pulse duration, which can be mistakingly deduced from the overlap in Fig. 2 ( ...
Carbohydrates and Metals
... segments. Examples are glycoproteins and glycopeptides. To bind rhenium atoms selectively to their carbohydrate part, information is required about the kind of the rhenium fragments that are suited for such a coupling reaction – however, also in this case there was not a single example of such a com ...
... segments. Examples are glycoproteins and glycopeptides. To bind rhenium atoms selectively to their carbohydrate part, information is required about the kind of the rhenium fragments that are suited for such a coupling reaction – however, also in this case there was not a single example of such a com ...
Crystal structure
... at one of the unit cell corners; each of the x, y, and z axes coincides with one of the three parallelepiped edges that extend from this corner, as illustrated in Figure 1.2. The unit cell geometry is completely defined in terms of six parameters: the three edge lengths a, b, and c, and the three in ...
... at one of the unit cell corners; each of the x, y, and z axes coincides with one of the three parallelepiped edges that extend from this corner, as illustrated in Figure 1.2. The unit cell geometry is completely defined in terms of six parameters: the three edge lengths a, b, and c, and the three in ...
chapter 23 the transition elements and their
... ethylenediamine ligands, abbreviated en, are indicated by the prefix tris because the name of the ligand includes a numerical indicator, di-. The complete name is tris(ethylenediamine)chromium(III) perchlorate. c) The cation is K+ and the anion is [Mn(CN)6]4–. The charge of 4– is deduced from the fo ...
... ethylenediamine ligands, abbreviated en, are indicated by the prefix tris because the name of the ligand includes a numerical indicator, di-. The complete name is tris(ethylenediamine)chromium(III) perchlorate. c) The cation is K+ and the anion is [Mn(CN)6]4–. The charge of 4– is deduced from the fo ...
Surface plasmon resonance analysis of aqueous mercuric ions
... Ni[II] > Cu[II] > Hg[II] > Zn[II]. What makes selective detection difficult is that RIs of mixed solutions are between maximum RI value for Pb[II] and minimum RI value for Zn[II]. Moreover, all solutions are transparent at this concentration, which makes it more difficult to detect a specific ion in ...
... Ni[II] > Cu[II] > Hg[II] > Zn[II]. What makes selective detection difficult is that RIs of mixed solutions are between maximum RI value for Pb[II] and minimum RI value for Zn[II]. Moreover, all solutions are transparent at this concentration, which makes it more difficult to detect a specific ion in ...
ppt - GeDet
... High-purity germanium detectors are used in neutrinoless doublebeta decay experiments like GERDA because they have very good energy resolutions and act as detectors and sources simultaneously. They are operated close to liquid nitrogen temperature. The mobility of the charge carriers is temperature ...
... High-purity germanium detectors are used in neutrinoless doublebeta decay experiments like GERDA because they have very good energy resolutions and act as detectors and sources simultaneously. They are operated close to liquid nitrogen temperature. The mobility of the charge carriers is temperature ...
Julie P.
... to the mass detector, leading to the removal of the solvent followed by the ionization of the fragments. The ions are carried through a vacuum and scanned by mass by a detector, recording a spectrum on a monitor for each sample. ...
... to the mass detector, leading to the removal of the solvent followed by the ionization of the fragments. The ions are carried through a vacuum and scanned by mass by a detector, recording a spectrum on a monitor for each sample. ...
Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
... structure Once the metal is evaporated, its vapour undergoes collisions with the surrounding gas molecules inside the evaporation chamber. As a result a fraction is scattered within a given distance during their transfer through the ambient gas. Therefore pressure lower than 10¯⁵ is necessary to mai ...
... structure Once the metal is evaporated, its vapour undergoes collisions with the surrounding gas molecules inside the evaporation chamber. As a result a fraction is scattered within a given distance during their transfer through the ambient gas. Therefore pressure lower than 10¯⁵ is necessary to mai ...
Diaza-18-crown-6 Appended Dual 7-hydroxyquinolines
... amounts of water and soil.1 To date, intensive efforts have been made to develop molecular sensing systems for the mercury ion.2 Most of the detection methods have one or more limitations in terms of actual applicability,3 including interference from other metal ions, slow response to Hg2+, incompat ...
... amounts of water and soil.1 To date, intensive efforts have been made to develop molecular sensing systems for the mercury ion.2 Most of the detection methods have one or more limitations in terms of actual applicability,3 including interference from other metal ions, slow response to Hg2+, incompat ...
Lec 2014 09 23
... resonant frequency using a piezoelectric crystal. The piezo motion causes the cantilever to oscillate with a high amplitude (the “free air” amplitude, typically greater than 20nm) when the tip is not in contact with the surface. The oscillating tip is then moved toward the surface until it begins to ...
... resonant frequency using a piezoelectric crystal. The piezo motion causes the cantilever to oscillate with a high amplitude (the “free air” amplitude, typically greater than 20nm) when the tip is not in contact with the surface. The oscillating tip is then moved toward the surface until it begins to ...
valence electrons
... potential, there is enough energy for the n region electrons to penetrate the depletion region, and move through the junction and recombine with p region holes As electrons leave the n region, more flow from the negative terminal of the dc voltage source Current is thus formed through the n region b ...
... potential, there is enough energy for the n region electrons to penetrate the depletion region, and move through the junction and recombine with p region holes As electrons leave the n region, more flow from the negative terminal of the dc voltage source Current is thus formed through the n region b ...
Aberration-Corrected Analytical Electron Microscopy of Transition Metal Nitride and Silicon Nitride Multilayers
... nitride. One such element often applied, which is found in both papers presented in this work, is silicon that is more or less immiscible in TmN. For very small amounts of Si addition a single-phase film may be produced, but often just a few at. % Si results in a nanocomposite film consisting of nan ...
... nitride. One such element often applied, which is found in both papers presented in this work, is silicon that is more or less immiscible in TmN. For very small amounts of Si addition a single-phase film may be produced, but often just a few at. % Si results in a nanocomposite film consisting of nan ...
TEM Image Contrast
... Takai, J. Elec. Microscopy 41 (1992) 116. (a) image (b) method to measure local curvature: tilt the beam by angle α and measure image shift distance L. Radius of curvature = L/α ...
... Takai, J. Elec. Microscopy 41 (1992) 116. (a) image (b) method to measure local curvature: tilt the beam by angle α and measure image shift distance L. Radius of curvature = L/α ...
Introduction to SOLID STATE PHYSICS
... metal elements. This is the electrostatic force of attraction between positively charged ions and delocalized outer electrons. The metallic bond is weaker than the ionic and the covalent bonds. A metal may be described as a low-density cloud of free electrons. Therefore, metals have high electrical ...
... metal elements. This is the electrostatic force of attraction between positively charged ions and delocalized outer electrons. The metallic bond is weaker than the ionic and the covalent bonds. A metal may be described as a low-density cloud of free electrons. Therefore, metals have high electrical ...
Atom probe
The atom probe was introduced at the 14th International Field Emission Symposium in 1967 by Erwin W. Müller and John Panitz. For the first time an instrument could “... determine the nature of one single atom seen on a metal surface and selected from neighboring atoms at the discretion of the observer”. Erwin Wilhelm Müller, J. A. Panitz, and S. Brooks McLane. The atom probe is closely related to the field ion microscope, the first microscopic instrument capable of atomic resolution, developed in 1951 by Erwin Wilhelm Müller.Atom probes are unlike conventional optical or electron microscopes, in that the magnification effect comes from the magnification provided by a highly curved electric field, rather than by the manipulation of radiation paths. The method is destructive in nature removing ions from a sample surface in order to image and identify them, generating magnifications sufficient to observe individual atoms as they are removed from the sample surface. Through coupling of this magnification method with time of flight mass spectrometry, ions evaporated by application of electric pulses can have their mass-to-charge ratio computed.Through successive evaporation of material, layers of atoms are removed from a specimen, allowing for probing not only of the surface, but also through the material itself. Computer methods are utilised to rebuild a three-dimensional view of the sample, prior to it being evaporated, providing atomic scale information on the structure of a sample, as well as providing the type atomic species information. The instrument allows the three-dimensional reconstruction of up to billions of atoms from a sharp tip (corresponding to specimen volumes of 10,000-10,000,000 nm3).