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Exponential Function
Exponential Function

...  A phasor is complex, and does not exist. Voltages and currents are real, and do exist.  A voltage is not equal to its phasor. A current is not equal to its phasor.  A phasor is a function of frequency, . A sinusoidal voltage or current is a function of time, t. The variable t does not appear in ...
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... output dc voltage, Vout from a second terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. ...


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... A voltmeter is a device for measuring voltage. It measures the voltage drop from the red to the black probes. The voltmeter is placed in parallel with the circuit element whose voltage is to be measured. Recall that two elements are in parallel when they share the same pair of nodes and hence share ...
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... The outputs of the sensor +VOUT and –VOUT are first buffered by op-amp’s A and B. The second stage of amplification connects the two buffered outputs to a common differential amplifier (op-amp C), also in Figure 2. The output voltage (VD) of the entire configuration of this circuit is: VC  ( R3 R 4 ...
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Current source



A current source is an electronic circuit that delivers or absorbs an electric current which is independent of the voltage across it.A current source is the dual of a voltage source. The term constant-current 'sink' is sometimes used for sources fed from a negative voltage supply. Figure 1 shows the schematic symbol for an ideal current source, driving a resistor load. There are two types - an independent current source (or sink) delivers a constant current. A dependent current source delivers a current which is proportional to some other voltage or current in the circuit.
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