Constraining the initial properties of Terrestrial Gamma
... electron. The other electric fields in the figure is explained in the text. Figure adapted from Dwyer et al. [2012a] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration of the charge structure of thunderstorms adapted from Stolzenburg et al. [1998]. The cloud has a main negative at around 25 °C and a main po ...
... electron. The other electric fields in the figure is explained in the text. Figure adapted from Dwyer et al. [2012a] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Illustration of the charge structure of thunderstorms adapted from Stolzenburg et al. [1998]. The cloud has a main negative at around 25 °C and a main po ...
Alternative Beam Splitter/Compensator Configurations for Reduction
... using the Michelson interferometer have been in development since the 1950s. 1 The fundamentals of these techniques were well documented in the 1970 Aspen International Conference on Fourier Spectroscopy.2 The conventional Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) splits incoming electromagnetic radiatio ...
... using the Michelson interferometer have been in development since the 1950s. 1 The fundamentals of these techniques were well documented in the 1970 Aspen International Conference on Fourier Spectroscopy.2 The conventional Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) splits incoming electromagnetic radiatio ...
HIGH RESOLUTION RUTHERFORD BACKSCATTERING
... to their energy are subsequently incident on the MCP-FPD at the focal plane. The energy of the backscattered ion is then determined by the MCP-FPD and subsequent HRBS electronics In modern microelectronics, thickness of SiO2 gates dielectrics reach the subnanometer range with the increasing miniatur ...
... to their energy are subsequently incident on the MCP-FPD at the focal plane. The energy of the backscattered ion is then determined by the MCP-FPD and subsequent HRBS electronics In modern microelectronics, thickness of SiO2 gates dielectrics reach the subnanometer range with the increasing miniatur ...
Simulating and optimizing compound refractive lens-based X
... lenses (Kang et al., 2006); (ii) total reflection, such as in Kirkpatrick–Baez (Kirkpatrick & Baez, 1948) and Wolter (Wolter, 1952) mirrors, and lobster-eye (Inneman et al., 1999) and Kumakhov (Kumakhov & Komarov, 1990) lenses; and (iii) refraction, such as in prisms (Cederstrom et al., 2000) and co ...
... lenses (Kang et al., 2006); (ii) total reflection, such as in Kirkpatrick–Baez (Kirkpatrick & Baez, 1948) and Wolter (Wolter, 1952) mirrors, and lobster-eye (Inneman et al., 1999) and Kumakhov (Kumakhov & Komarov, 1990) lenses; and (iii) refraction, such as in prisms (Cederstrom et al., 2000) and co ...
Noise analysis of spectrometers based on speckle pattern
... weak optical signals. However, this difference in spectral-to-spatial mapping could also benefit the speckle-based spectrometer. If the signal is strong enough to fill the well depth of the detector, then the speckle-based spectrometer allows many more total photoelectrons to be created by spreading ...
... weak optical signals. However, this difference in spectral-to-spatial mapping could also benefit the speckle-based spectrometer. If the signal is strong enough to fill the well depth of the detector, then the speckle-based spectrometer allows many more total photoelectrons to be created by spreading ...
document
... from manufacturing defects, band-to-band quantum tunneling, crosstalk, or even stray light. These false events will have an adverse effect on estimating the properties of incident gammarays. Many SPAD arrays have noise rates in the low MHz range, but many factors can increase or decrease this noise ...
... from manufacturing defects, band-to-band quantum tunneling, crosstalk, or even stray light. These false events will have an adverse effect on estimating the properties of incident gammarays. Many SPAD arrays have noise rates in the low MHz range, but many factors can increase or decrease this noise ...
Monte Carlo simulation of light scattering in the atmosphere and
... at near-forward angles [1, 8]. The multiple scattering of light is affected by the optical thickness of the atmosphere, the aerosol size distribution and the aerosol vertical profile. Whereas many works have studied the effect of the optical thickness, the aerosol blur is also very dependent on the ...
... at near-forward angles [1, 8]. The multiple scattering of light is affected by the optical thickness of the atmosphere, the aerosol size distribution and the aerosol vertical profile. Whereas many works have studied the effect of the optical thickness, the aerosol blur is also very dependent on the ...
INVESTIGATION OF KeV BETA PARTICLE TRANSPORTATION IN
... Fig 3-52 A mixed field of electrons, positrons and γ photons generated...................... 55 Fig 3-53 Distribution of Positrons along the X axis with a range of about 0.2 mm....... 56 Fig 3-54 Distribution of Positrons along the Y axis with a range of about 0.2 mm....... 56 Fig 3-55 Distribution ...
... Fig 3-52 A mixed field of electrons, positrons and γ photons generated...................... 55 Fig 3-53 Distribution of Positrons along the X axis with a range of about 0.2 mm....... 56 Fig 3-54 Distribution of Positrons along the Y axis with a range of about 0.2 mm....... 56 Fig 3-55 Distribution ...
dan book >>>paragraph - INFN
... Muons are heavy leptons and final leptonic states can be detected looking for muons or electrons or a mixture of the two. Hence a good Muon Detector allows to look at the same process in different channels with different leptonic signatures enriching the final sample. The efficiency in the detection ...
... Muons are heavy leptons and final leptonic states can be detected looking for muons or electrons or a mixture of the two. Hence a good Muon Detector allows to look at the same process in different channels with different leptonic signatures enriching the final sample. The efficiency in the detection ...
SiDetector.ppt
... NA,ND: density of acceptor, donor atoms i: intrinsic (does not appear in usual application) n,p (n-,p-): lightly doped semiconductor (main sensor part) n+,p+: heavily doped semiconductor (used as “electrode conductor”) ...
... NA,ND: density of acceptor, donor atoms i: intrinsic (does not appear in usual application) n,p (n-,p-): lightly doped semiconductor (main sensor part) n+,p+: heavily doped semiconductor (used as “electrode conductor”) ...
Gamma spectroscopy
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, in such as the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics. Most radioactive sources produce gamma rays, which are of various energies and intensities. When these emissions are detected and analyzed with a spectroscopy system, a gamma-ray energy spectrum can be produced. A detailed analysis of this spectrum is typically used to determine the identity and quantity of gamma emitters present in a gamma source, and is a vital tool in radiometric assay. The gamma spectrum is characteristic of the gamma-emitting nuclides contained in the source, just as in optical spectroscopy, the optical spectrum is characteristic of the material contained in a sample.