Why Did John Herschel Fail to Understand Polarization
... unless they be Bodies, can have a permanent Virtue in two of their Sides which is not in their other Sides’ (Newton, 1952, p. 374), using ‘side’ to undermine Huygens’s wave theory, which assumed light to be longitudinal vibrations and thus spatially symmetrical. Later Malus assumed that spatial asym ...
... unless they be Bodies, can have a permanent Virtue in two of their Sides which is not in their other Sides’ (Newton, 1952, p. 374), using ‘side’ to undermine Huygens’s wave theory, which assumed light to be longitudinal vibrations and thus spatially symmetrical. Later Malus assumed that spatial asym ...
4Pi Microscopy
... properties of the dye to break the diffraction barrier. Using two lenses for STED, the axial resolution was improved down to 30 to 50 nm (Dyba and Hell, 2002; Dyba et al., 2003). However, as STED is still in its infancy and, unlike I5M and 4Pi microscopy, relies on the specific properties of the dye ...
... properties of the dye to break the diffraction barrier. Using two lenses for STED, the axial resolution was improved down to 30 to 50 nm (Dyba and Hell, 2002; Dyba et al., 2003). However, as STED is still in its infancy and, unlike I5M and 4Pi microscopy, relies on the specific properties of the dye ...
Quantitative prediction of the modulation behavior of twisted nematic liquid
... linearly with the depth of the cell and the difference of refractive index (∆n) is constant. When a voltage is applied through the electrodes of the display, the liquid crystal molecules tilt towards the direction of propagation (z axis). This causes a change in ∆n. This part fulfills the assumption ...
... linearly with the depth of the cell and the difference of refractive index (∆n) is constant. When a voltage is applied through the electrodes of the display, the liquid crystal molecules tilt towards the direction of propagation (z axis). This causes a change in ∆n. This part fulfills the assumption ...
Fundamental Limits in Confocal Microscopy
... not absolute; after all, most of us will view the final result as some sort of image. However, the distinction is still useful because it requires one to explicitly confront many problems that are not always so obvious when microscope images are viewed directly by eye or after photographic recording ...
... not absolute; after all, most of us will view the final result as some sort of image. However, the distinction is still useful because it requires one to explicitly confront many problems that are not always so obvious when microscope images are viewed directly by eye or after photographic recording ...
Optical properties of small-bore hollow glass waveguides
... necessary to cut or ablate with as small a spot size as possible. To evaluate the mode purity of the output beam, we measured the output beam profiles by using a 32 3 32 matrix pyroelectric detector array. The size of each element is 0.8 3 0.8 mm2. Figure 6 shows the measured beam profile of the 250 ...
... necessary to cut or ablate with as small a spot size as possible. To evaluate the mode purity of the output beam, we measured the output beam profiles by using a 32 3 32 matrix pyroelectric detector array. The size of each element is 0.8 3 0.8 mm2. Figure 6 shows the measured beam profile of the 250 ...
Spherical Mirrors
... Since the coating can be either placed on the “inside” surface or “outside” surface there are two types of spherical mirrors. If the reflecting surface of the mirror and its center of curvature are on the same side, the mirror is called concave. If the reflecting surface of the mirror and its center ...
... Since the coating can be either placed on the “inside” surface or “outside” surface there are two types of spherical mirrors. If the reflecting surface of the mirror and its center of curvature are on the same side, the mirror is called concave. If the reflecting surface of the mirror and its center ...
Resolution scaling in STED microscopy
... The ability of far field fluorescence microscopy to image with a resolution far beyond the diffraction limit has been the subject of considerable recent interest [1-4]. In particular, the demonstration of resolutions down to a few tens of nanometers in STED (Stimulated Emission Depletion) microscopy ...
... The ability of far field fluorescence microscopy to image with a resolution far beyond the diffraction limit has been the subject of considerable recent interest [1-4]. In particular, the demonstration of resolutions down to a few tens of nanometers in STED (Stimulated Emission Depletion) microscopy ...
Optical waveguide mode control by nanoslit-enhanced
... The criterion for a π∕2-cumulative phase shift, for instance for application in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer configuration, requires 10 kV∕cm THz field, which in turn is estimated to result in a nonlinear change of the refractive index in the waveguide of 0.001. Our simulations prove that it is qui ...
... The criterion for a π∕2-cumulative phase shift, for instance for application in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer configuration, requires 10 kV∕cm THz field, which in turn is estimated to result in a nonlinear change of the refractive index in the waveguide of 0.001. Our simulations prove that it is qui ...
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... In this paper, we report on the first direct observation of modulation instability of a partially spatially incoherent beam as a function of the perturbation period. We provide experimental evidence that such induced incoherent MI depends strongly on the perturbation period 共or spatial frequency兲, a ...
... In this paper, we report on the first direct observation of modulation instability of a partially spatially incoherent beam as a function of the perturbation period. We provide experimental evidence that such induced incoherent MI depends strongly on the perturbation period 共or spatial frequency兲, a ...
Optical Fibers and Waveguides
... has dielectric constant 2 < 1 . For light rays making angle θ with the axis as shown in Fig. (17.4) total internal reflection will occur provided q sin θi > 21 . Although there might appear to be an infinite number of such rays, this is not so. As the ray makes its zig-zag path down the guide th ...
... has dielectric constant 2 < 1 . For light rays making angle θ with the axis as shown in Fig. (17.4) total internal reflection will occur provided q sin θi > 21 . Although there might appear to be an infinite number of such rays, this is not so. As the ray makes its zig-zag path down the guide th ...
Characterisation of the Humidity and Temperature Responses of a
... also known as the wavelength selectivity or Bragg curve is presented. It is seen that with an increase of the humidity in the environmental chamber the Bragg curves shift towards higher wavelengths. Figure 4b depicts the relation between the peak wavelength of the curves presented in Fig.4 a and the ...
... also known as the wavelength selectivity or Bragg curve is presented. It is seen that with an increase of the humidity in the environmental chamber the Bragg curves shift towards higher wavelengths. Figure 4b depicts the relation between the peak wavelength of the curves presented in Fig.4 a and the ...
Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology Chem. Soc. Rev 40
... the mechanical properties of metals. The conductivity of silicon can be orders of magnitude higher by slight doping, laying the foundation for the whole semiconductor industry formed around 1960. Most recent nanoscience and nanotechnology aim to study the electronic, optical, thermal and mechanical ...
... the mechanical properties of metals. The conductivity of silicon can be orders of magnitude higher by slight doping, laying the foundation for the whole semiconductor industry formed around 1960. Most recent nanoscience and nanotechnology aim to study the electronic, optical, thermal and mechanical ...
Absorption-induced trapping in an anisotropic
... pump and Rb dispenser casing via a glass-to-metal transition. Figure 1(a) shows a simplified diagram of the vacuum system and cell along with the placement of the magnets (discussed below). We use the ion pump to maintain a background pressure of < 5 × 10 −9 Torr and the getter is run at 4 A to rele ...
... pump and Rb dispenser casing via a glass-to-metal transition. Figure 1(a) shows a simplified diagram of the vacuum system and cell along with the placement of the magnets (discussed below). We use the ion pump to maintain a background pressure of < 5 × 10 −9 Torr and the getter is run at 4 A to rele ...
Interferometry
Interferometry is a family of techniques in which waves, usually electromagnetic, are superimposed in order to extract information about the waves. Interferometry is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy, fiber optics, engineering metrology, optical metrology, oceanography, seismology, spectroscopy (and its applications to chemistry), quantum mechanics, nuclear and particle physics, plasma physics, remote sensing, biomolecular interactions, surface profiling, microfluidics, mechanical stress/strain measurement, and velocimetry.Interferometers are widely used in science and industry for the measurement of small displacements, refractive index changes and surface irregularities. In analytical science, interferometers are used in continuous wave Fourier transform spectroscopy to analyze light containing features of absorption or emission associated with a substance or mixture. An astronomical interferometer consists of two or more separate telescopes that combine their signals, offering a resolution equivalent to that of a telescope of diameter equal to the largest separation between its individual elements.