Ophthalmology glossary and abbreviations File
... does not confirm the acute nature of the complaint, but only that there is a different function between the two optic nerves. It could be acute or could have occurred a long time before. Aphakia: Absence of the lens from congenital or acquired cause. Alacrima: Absence of tears. Amaurosis: Severe red ...
... does not confirm the acute nature of the complaint, but only that there is a different function between the two optic nerves. It could be acute or could have occurred a long time before. Aphakia: Absence of the lens from congenital or acquired cause. Alacrima: Absence of tears. Amaurosis: Severe red ...
Problem 24 – Visual Disturbance
... Disease of optic nerve Neuropathy associated with an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) – mean IOP is 15-16mmhg; upper limit of normal is 21mmhg. This can be measured by tonometry. About 5% of individuals have increased IOP (>21mmhg) without any signs of glaucoma – approx. 9% of these will devel ...
... Disease of optic nerve Neuropathy associated with an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) – mean IOP is 15-16mmhg; upper limit of normal is 21mmhg. This can be measured by tonometry. About 5% of individuals have increased IOP (>21mmhg) without any signs of glaucoma – approx. 9% of these will devel ...
The Eye and How It Works
... or makes it smaller. This limits the amount of light which passes through the pupil to the retina at the back of the eye. The retina may be thought of as the camera´s film. When there is little or no light, the iris dilates the pupil, widening it so that more light can enter the eye. The lens, which ...
... or makes it smaller. This limits the amount of light which passes through the pupil to the retina at the back of the eye. The retina may be thought of as the camera´s film. When there is little or no light, the iris dilates the pupil, widening it so that more light can enter the eye. The lens, which ...
Roles of cell-extrinsic growth factors in vertebrate eye pattern
... doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2003.09.004 ...
... doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2003.09.004 ...
Light, the Retinal Image, and Photoreceptors
... intensity range of human vision. Each light level is expressed in terms of radiance, luminance, troland value, and absorbed photon flux. Since most interesting stimuli are broadband, we calculated spectral photon flux irradiance, Epk, and spectral photon flux, Ppk, by applying the calculations to ea ...
... intensity range of human vision. Each light level is expressed in terms of radiance, luminance, troland value, and absorbed photon flux. Since most interesting stimuli are broadband, we calculated spectral photon flux irradiance, Epk, and spectral photon flux, Ppk, by applying the calculations to ea ...
Aristofanis Pallikaris - Optics
... Plainis, S, Ginis, H, Pallikaris, A, “The effect of ocular aberrations on steady-state errors of accommodative response” paper presented at the 6th International Congress of Wavefront Sensing and Optimized Refractive Corrections 2005. Pallikaris, A, Katsanevaki, VJ, Kalyvianaki, MI and De Brouwere. ...
... Plainis, S, Ginis, H, Pallikaris, A, “The effect of ocular aberrations on steady-state errors of accommodative response” paper presented at the 6th International Congress of Wavefront Sensing and Optimized Refractive Corrections 2005. Pallikaris, A, Katsanevaki, VJ, Kalyvianaki, MI and De Brouwere. ...
American Academy of Optometry: Case Report 1
... The LAST study evaluated the effect of lutein alone, or in combination with additional carotenoids, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, on macular pigment density (MPD) and central vision outcome2. Lutein is the primary carotenoid xanthophyll pigment responsible for macular pigment density. AREDS ...
... The LAST study evaluated the effect of lutein alone, or in combination with additional carotenoids, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, on macular pigment density (MPD) and central vision outcome2. Lutein is the primary carotenoid xanthophyll pigment responsible for macular pigment density. AREDS ...
Blood Lab Handout
... blood smear. They have a very darkly staining, dense, round nucleus. Most lymphocytes are not much larger than the red blood cells, though their diameter may vary as much as 8 µm to 12 µm. The narrow cytoplasmic rim (in a well-stained smear) appears clear, sky-blue. Lymphocytes perform most of our i ...
... blood smear. They have a very darkly staining, dense, round nucleus. Most lymphocytes are not much larger than the red blood cells, though their diameter may vary as much as 8 µm to 12 µm. The narrow cytoplasmic rim (in a well-stained smear) appears clear, sky-blue. Lymphocytes perform most of our i ...
The Normal Fundus and Its Variants
... fovea. The edge of the optic disc may be slightly elevated. The immediate peripapillary area may show hyperpigmentation or a scalloped pale area representing the sclera, seen through the transparent retina. The only neuroretinal elements at the optic disc are the axons of the ganglion cells which ma ...
... fovea. The edge of the optic disc may be slightly elevated. The immediate peripapillary area may show hyperpigmentation or a scalloped pale area representing the sclera, seen through the transparent retina. The only neuroretinal elements at the optic disc are the axons of the ganglion cells which ma ...
15 - Mayfield City Schools
... • Originates as outpocketing of brain • Delicate two-layered membrane – Outer Pigmented layer ...
... • Originates as outpocketing of brain • Delicate two-layered membrane – Outer Pigmented layer ...
The eyes of lanternfishes (Myctophidae, Teleostei): Novel ocular
... Lanternfishes are one of the most abundant groups of mesopelagic fishes in the world’s oceans and play a critical role in biomass vertical turnover. Despite their importance, very little is known about their physiology or how they use their sensory systems to survive in the extreme conditions of the ...
... Lanternfishes are one of the most abundant groups of mesopelagic fishes in the world’s oceans and play a critical role in biomass vertical turnover. Despite their importance, very little is known about their physiology or how they use their sensory systems to survive in the extreme conditions of the ...
Summer 2003 5B
... Systemic Anatomy Exam V Prepared especially for the Trimester One Class, Summer 2003 Please place the single best answer for each of the following questions unless the question is marked by the letters, MACA, in which you should mark all correct answers. There will be no questions once the exam begi ...
... Systemic Anatomy Exam V Prepared especially for the Trimester One Class, Summer 2003 Please place the single best answer for each of the following questions unless the question is marked by the letters, MACA, in which you should mark all correct answers. There will be no questions once the exam begi ...
The Retinal Implant Project
... During the past six years we have radically redesigned the retinal implant. In previous designs the entire implant was intraocular and the electrode array lay on the inner epiretinal side of the retina. We have now adopted a quite different subretinal design, shown in Figures 1 and 2, where almost t ...
... During the past six years we have radically redesigned the retinal implant. In previous designs the entire implant was intraocular and the electrode array lay on the inner epiretinal side of the retina. We have now adopted a quite different subretinal design, shown in Figures 1 and 2, where almost t ...
4._Ocular_Emergencies_&_DDx
... intense purulent inflammation of the three coats of the eye. The eyeball is filled with pus, and the entire uveal tract is infiltrated with inflammatory cells, mainly WBC • Symptoms.—The symptoms are usually severe : 1. Fever and general febrile symptoms. 2. Headache and vomiting. 3. Severe pain in ...
... intense purulent inflammation of the three coats of the eye. The eyeball is filled with pus, and the entire uveal tract is infiltrated with inflammatory cells, mainly WBC • Symptoms.—The symptoms are usually severe : 1. Fever and general febrile symptoms. 2. Headache and vomiting. 3. Severe pain in ...
tibodies cross-reacting with patho- gens expressed by carcinoma cells. Cancer-associated retinopathy with
... carcinoma cells.2 In the current patient the causative tumor was quite small and only a few carcinoma cells expressed the recoverin antigen, suggesting that the slow clinical course correlated with the low number of recoverin-immunopositive tumor cells, unlike patients in previously reported cases.1 ...
... carcinoma cells.2 In the current patient the causative tumor was quite small and only a few carcinoma cells expressed the recoverin antigen, suggesting that the slow clinical course correlated with the low number of recoverin-immunopositive tumor cells, unlike patients in previously reported cases.1 ...
leucokoria
... retinoblastoma or other eye tumors, eye loss, osteogenic sarcoma, and fetal loss or miscarriage), growth pattern, development, and review of systems. ■Ophthalmic ultrasound is sometimes used to determine the presence or absence of intraocular calcium (indicative of retinoblastoma). ■Laboratory evalu ...
... retinoblastoma or other eye tumors, eye loss, osteogenic sarcoma, and fetal loss or miscarriage), growth pattern, development, and review of systems. ■Ophthalmic ultrasound is sometimes used to determine the presence or absence of intraocular calcium (indicative of retinoblastoma). ■Laboratory evalu ...
Retinoschisis – acquired degenerative
... sensory retina, and may occur in agerelated degenerative and X-linked recessive forms (see next week: Retinoschisis – Juvenile X-Linked). Degenerative retinoschisis is an acquired condition involving a splitting of the sensory retina, usually within the plexiform layers, creating a large ‘cyst’. Deg ...
... sensory retina, and may occur in agerelated degenerative and X-linked recessive forms (see next week: Retinoschisis – Juvenile X-Linked). Degenerative retinoschisis is an acquired condition involving a splitting of the sensory retina, usually within the plexiform layers, creating a large ‘cyst’. Deg ...
Leukocoria
... retinoblastoma or other eye tumors, eye loss, osteogenic sarcoma, and fetal loss or miscarriage), growth pattern, development, and review of systems. ■Ophthalmic ultrasound is sometimes used to determine the presence or absence of intraocular calcium (indicative of retinoblastoma). ■Laboratory evalu ...
... retinoblastoma or other eye tumors, eye loss, osteogenic sarcoma, and fetal loss or miscarriage), growth pattern, development, and review of systems. ■Ophthalmic ultrasound is sometimes used to determine the presence or absence of intraocular calcium (indicative of retinoblastoma). ■Laboratory evalu ...
WHITE v. THE STATE OF NEW YORK, #2004-016
... I got up. Breakfast was served. I [ate] breakfast. I laid back down on my bed. I grabbed a book, I turned a few pages, laid the book down, and I was awakened by the sounds of drilling and - - sound of maintenance work . . . in the back of the cells there’s plumbing pipes . . . like banging and drill ...
... I got up. Breakfast was served. I [ate] breakfast. I laid back down on my bed. I grabbed a book, I turned a few pages, laid the book down, and I was awakened by the sounds of drilling and - - sound of maintenance work . . . in the back of the cells there’s plumbing pipes . . . like banging and drill ...
soluviljemiin perustuvan sarveiskalvohaavamallin kehitys
... polyester filters coated with collagen or collagen-fibroblasts or ...
... polyester filters coated with collagen or collagen-fibroblasts or ...
6-ES-16-113 (26958835-WJJ-001-E)
... variable and feeder cells/conditioned medium and several in vitro induction steps impede the implementation of reliable protocols (3,7). In vitro ocular organogenesis has been described before. Eiraku et al. first reported in Nature in 2011 the autonomous formation of an optic cup in a threedimensio ...
... variable and feeder cells/conditioned medium and several in vitro induction steps impede the implementation of reliable protocols (3,7). In vitro ocular organogenesis has been described before. Eiraku et al. first reported in Nature in 2011 the autonomous formation of an optic cup in a threedimensio ...
Blue light hazard
... connection with opsin and leaving the opand normal function of photoreceptors. With microvilli on sin free to initiate a series of reactions that leads to a neural signal their apical surfaces interdigitating with the outer segments of and ultimately to vision. photoreceptors, the RPE cells supply t ...
... connection with opsin and leaving the opand normal function of photoreceptors. With microvilli on sin free to initiate a series of reactions that leads to a neural signal their apical surfaces interdigitating with the outer segments of and ultimately to vision. photoreceptors, the RPE cells supply t ...
Questions on the human body: An orientation
... -cells that cover and line body cavity is called----------------cells of reproduction are------------------&------------------the tendency of a solution to hold water is called---------------------hypertonic solution leads to-----------------of red cells - hypotonic solution leads to---------------- ...
... -cells that cover and line body cavity is called----------------cells of reproduction are------------------&------------------the tendency of a solution to hold water is called---------------------hypertonic solution leads to-----------------of red cells - hypotonic solution leads to---------------- ...
Why Rods and Cocci
... surface area per unit volume. Intake of nutrients takes place through the cell surface. The rate of bacterial growth depends largely on the rate of intake of nutrients. Therefore having a large surface area can confer great selective advantage whenever there is competition for nutrients. The obvious ...
... surface area per unit volume. Intake of nutrients takes place through the cell surface. The rate of bacterial growth depends largely on the rate of intake of nutrients. Therefore having a large surface area can confer great selective advantage whenever there is competition for nutrients. The obvious ...
Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuron found in the retina that is capable of phototransduction. The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential.The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form a representation of the visual world, sight. The rods are narrower than the cones and distributed differently across the retina, but the chemical process in each that supports phototransduction is similar. A third class of photoreceptor cells was discovered during the 1990s: the photosensitive ganglion cells. These cells do not contribute to sight directly, but are thought to support circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex.There are major functional differences between the rods and cones. Rods are extremely sensitive, and can be triggered by a single photon. At very low light levels, visual experience is based solely on the rod signal. This explains why colors cannot be seen at low light levels: only one type of photoreceptor cell is active.Cones require significantly brighter light (i.e., a larger numbers of photons) in order to produce a signal. In humans, there are three different types of cone cell, distinguished by their pattern of response to different wavelengths of light. Color experience is calculated from these three distinct signals, perhaps via an opponent process. The three types of cone cell respond (roughly) to light of short, medium, and long wavelengths. Note that, due to the principle of univariance, the firing of the cell depends upon only the number of photons absorbed. The different responses of the three types of cone cells are determined by the likelihoods that their respective photoreceptor proteins will absorb photons of different wavelengths. So, for example, an L cone cell contains a photoreceptor protein that more readily absorbs long wavelengths of light (i.e., more ""red""). Light of a shorter wavelength can also produce the same response, but it must be much brighter to do so.The human retina contains about 120 million rod cells and 6 million cone cells. The number and ratio of rods to cones varies among species, dependent on whether an animal is primarily diurnal or nocturnal. Certain owls, such as the tawny owl, have a tremendous number of rods in their retinae. In addition, there are about 2.4 million to 3 million ganglion cells in the human visual system, the axons of these cells form the 2 optic nerves, 1 to 2% of them photosensitive.The pineal and parapineal glands are photoreceptive in non-mammalian vertebrates, but not in mammals. Birds have photoactive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons within the paraventricular organ that respond to light in the absence of input from the eyes or neurotransmitters. Invertebrate photoreceptors in organisms such as insects and molluscs are different in both their morphological organization and their underlying biochemical pathways. Described here are human photoreceptors.