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Zener Applications
Zener Applications

... maximum, and then the powers which this routine calculates will not be correct - they assume that the zener diode is operating at it's design voltage, and if you choose too small a load resistance, you drop the supply voltage at the zener below that voltage. The zener would then be acting like a vol ...
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... 2. Two long single layer solenoids have the same length and the same number of turns but are placed co-axially one with in the other. The diameter of the inner coil is 8cm and that of the outer coil is 10cm. Calculate the co-efficient of coupling. [16] 3. (a) Derive an expression for the current, im ...
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... The Cisco Unified Videoconferencing 3545 chassis monitors PSU operations and uses the Power LED to alert the system administrator when one of the PSUs fail. The Power LED appears in two places: on the front panel and on the Unified Videoconferencing Administrator System Web page. The Power LED is re ...
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... is large and the power factor is less than one. is close to zero, but If such a customer installs power factor correction capacitors, then increases due to the capacitor current, further increasing and the power factor. Capacitors are used by both electricity suppliers and customers to improv ...
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... current transmission systems (VSC-HVdc) and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) [3, 4]. Currently, decoupled P–Q control brings VSCs to a very high level of controllability [5]. This paper is concerned with presenting individual-phase control, a new method based on decoupled P–Q control of indiv ...
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RF1 User Manual - HDR Power Systems
RF1 User Manual - HDR Power Systems

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Power factor



In electrical engineering, the power factor of an AC electrical power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit, and is a dimensionless number in the closed interval of -1 to 1. A power factor of less than one means that the voltage and current waveforms are not in phase, reducing the instantaneous product of the two waveforms (V x I). Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power will be greater than the real power. A negative power factor occurs when the device (which is normally the load) generates power, which then flows back towards the source, which is normally considered the generator.In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system, and require larger wires and other equipment. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power factor.Linear loads with low power factor (such as induction motors) can be corrected with a passive network of capacitors or inductors. Non-linear loads, such as rectifiers, distort the current drawn from the system. In such cases, active or passive power factor correction may be used to counteract the distortion and raise the power factor. The devices for correction of the power factor may be at a central substation, spread out over a distribution system, or built into power-consuming equipment.
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