Red calcium indicator
... Neurons were incubated for 50 min at room temperature with 3 μM Asante Calcium Red AM ester. Thereafter, the cells were washed and maintained in fresh L-15 medium for 40 min to permit intracellular enzymatic hydrolysis of the AM ester to proceed to completion. Confocal fluorescence imaging Indicator ...
... Neurons were incubated for 50 min at room temperature with 3 μM Asante Calcium Red AM ester. Thereafter, the cells were washed and maintained in fresh L-15 medium for 40 min to permit intracellular enzymatic hydrolysis of the AM ester to proceed to completion. Confocal fluorescence imaging Indicator ...
Sensory Adaptation and Short Term Plasticity as Bayesian
... The excitabilities of individual neurons fluctuate over timescales ranging from milliseconds to hours due to effects such as electrical stimulation [c.f. 1], neuromodulator concentrations [2] , oxygen concentration [3] and circadian rhythms [4]. Such fluctuations are widely observed in experimental ...
... The excitabilities of individual neurons fluctuate over timescales ranging from milliseconds to hours due to effects such as electrical stimulation [c.f. 1], neuromodulator concentrations [2] , oxygen concentration [3] and circadian rhythms [4]. Such fluctuations are widely observed in experimental ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... (Kasthuri and Lichtman, 2003). Indeed, axon branches of motor neurons in which production of neurotransmitter is genetically reduced had a clear disadvantage in the competition and, perhaps as a result of this, became eliminated (Buffelli et al., 2003). These findings provide compelling evidence tha ...
... (Kasthuri and Lichtman, 2003). Indeed, axon branches of motor neurons in which production of neurotransmitter is genetically reduced had a clear disadvantage in the competition and, perhaps as a result of this, became eliminated (Buffelli et al., 2003). These findings provide compelling evidence tha ...
Anatomy and Pathology of the Cerebellar Peduncle
... The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncles: 1) the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body and juxtrarestiform body) 2) the middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis), and 3) the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum). The middle cerebellar pedunc ...
... The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncles: 1) the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body and juxtrarestiform body) 2) the middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis), and 3) the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum). The middle cerebellar pedunc ...
Glycolytic Enzymes Localize to Synapses under Energy Stress to
... forms in vivo near synapses to meet local energy demands and support synaptic function in Caenorhabditis elegans neurons. Under conditions of energy stress, glycolytic enzymes redistribute from a diffuse localization in the cytoplasm to a punctate localization adjacent to synapses. Glycolytic enzyme ...
... forms in vivo near synapses to meet local energy demands and support synaptic function in Caenorhabditis elegans neurons. Under conditions of energy stress, glycolytic enzymes redistribute from a diffuse localization in the cytoplasm to a punctate localization adjacent to synapses. Glycolytic enzyme ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... sites in Figure 1. In all cases the injection sites were confined to the cortical mantle and included all cortical layers. In two cases the injection was in area 32 (cases AY, BG), and in three in area 10, including its rostral (case BA) and caudal (cases BC, BF) parts. In one of the latter cases, th ...
... sites in Figure 1. In all cases the injection sites were confined to the cortical mantle and included all cortical layers. In two cases the injection was in area 32 (cases AY, BG), and in three in area 10, including its rostral (case BA) and caudal (cases BC, BF) parts. In one of the latter cases, th ...
Soghomonian J.J., Sethares C., and Peters, A
... axodendritic synapses are lost from the neuropil of layer 2/3 in prefrontal area 46 with age (Peters et al., 2008). Whether there is a similar loss of inhibitory axosomatic synapses from this cortex has not been determined, but a study in primate motor cortex suggests that axosomatic synapses are no ...
... axodendritic synapses are lost from the neuropil of layer 2/3 in prefrontal area 46 with age (Peters et al., 2008). Whether there is a similar loss of inhibitory axosomatic synapses from this cortex has not been determined, but a study in primate motor cortex suggests that axosomatic synapses are no ...
download file
... tones was fixed for each animal (5, 7.5, and 15 pps, n ⫽ 4, 2, and 4 rats, respectively). All tones had 3-ms onset and offset ramps. The tones paired with BF stimulation were 250 ms in duration except for the tone trains that were composed of 25-ms tones. To establish the specificity of BF pairing, ...
... tones was fixed for each animal (5, 7.5, and 15 pps, n ⫽ 4, 2, and 4 rats, respectively). All tones had 3-ms onset and offset ramps. The tones paired with BF stimulation were 250 ms in duration except for the tone trains that were composed of 25-ms tones. To establish the specificity of BF pairing, ...
Cerebellar Unit Activity and the Movement Disruption Induced by
... Sixteen male albino rats of the Wistar strain, about 3 months old, were reduced to 85 % of original body weight (200—250 g) and trained to reach for 20 mg pellets of Larsen's diet into a narrow (11 mm internal diameter) horizontal feeder attached to the front wall of a plexiglass chamber (Megirian e ...
... Sixteen male albino rats of the Wistar strain, about 3 months old, were reduced to 85 % of original body weight (200—250 g) and trained to reach for 20 mg pellets of Larsen's diet into a narrow (11 mm internal diameter) horizontal feeder attached to the front wall of a plexiglass chamber (Megirian e ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... that mature over a prolonged time. Previous quantitative analyses of synaptogenesis in the primate cortex that have suggested a transient phase of high density of synapses during infancy have been limited in the developmental ages sampled, in the selection of cortical laminae analyzed, and in the ma ...
... that mature over a prolonged time. Previous quantitative analyses of synaptogenesis in the primate cortex that have suggested a transient phase of high density of synapses during infancy have been limited in the developmental ages sampled, in the selection of cortical laminae analyzed, and in the ma ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... astrocytes – the main type of glial cells in the hippocampus and the cortex [16-18] – together with the discovery of two-way astrocyte-neuron communication [19, 20], suggest an active role of these cells in modulation of synaptic transmission and information processing in the brain ...
... astrocytes – the main type of glial cells in the hippocampus and the cortex [16-18] – together with the discovery of two-way astrocyte-neuron communication [19, 20], suggest an active role of these cells in modulation of synaptic transmission and information processing in the brain ...
Horizontal Synaptic Connections in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: An In
... projections, an in vitro slice preparation of monkey PFC was used to obtain whole-cell patch clamp recordings from layer 3 pyramidal neurons. Using in vivo tracer injections, we found that long-distance projections were well preserved in PFC slices cut in the coronal plane. Postsynaptic currents wer ...
... projections, an in vitro slice preparation of monkey PFC was used to obtain whole-cell patch clamp recordings from layer 3 pyramidal neurons. Using in vivo tracer injections, we found that long-distance projections were well preserved in PFC slices cut in the coronal plane. Postsynaptic currents wer ...
Fut u re N
... Hasselmo provides a thorough description of the phenomena and quantitative explorations of the root causes of malignant synaptic growth induced by failures to maintain separation between encoding and retrieval [8]. For such details, we refer the reader to this paper. Here, we will provide a basic re ...
... Hasselmo provides a thorough description of the phenomena and quantitative explorations of the root causes of malignant synaptic growth induced by failures to maintain separation between encoding and retrieval [8]. For such details, we refer the reader to this paper. Here, we will provide a basic re ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synaptic plasticity: that is, the implicit supposition that synapses, when not driven to change their characteristics, will retain these over time. This assumption would seem to be an essent ...
... affected by the history of their activation. What is less established and often ignored is the "flip side" of synaptic plasticity: that is, the implicit supposition that synapses, when not driven to change their characteristics, will retain these over time. This assumption would seem to be an essent ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... The heterogeneity of GABAergic terminals is much less explored. The available three-dimensional (3D) data suggest that most GABAergic terminals establish contacts via single or few synapses (Kubota and Kawaguchi, 2000; Biro et al., 2006). A multisite GABAergic terminal type has been described in the ...
... The heterogeneity of GABAergic terminals is much less explored. The available three-dimensional (3D) data suggest that most GABAergic terminals establish contacts via single or few synapses (Kubota and Kawaguchi, 2000; Biro et al., 2006). A multisite GABAergic terminal type has been described in the ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
... connections from single thalamocortical (TC) neurons impinging onto neuronal populations in cortical layer 4 (Swadlow et al., 2002) as illustrated schematically in Figure 1A. Layer 4 is considered to be the major gateway into cortex of sensory information relayed by the thalamus (Bruno and Sakmann, ...
DECODING NEURONAL FIRING AND MODELING NEURAL
... of neurons must be interpreted collectively. The second step is described in 2) below. The spike train produced by a single neuron can be extremely complex, reflecting in part the complexity of the underlying neuronal dynamics, problem ii). A method for analyzing neuronal spike trains based on a li ...
... of neurons must be interpreted collectively. The second step is described in 2) below. The spike train produced by a single neuron can be extremely complex, reflecting in part the complexity of the underlying neuronal dynamics, problem ii). A method for analyzing neuronal spike trains based on a li ...
Neonatal Ethanol Exposure Impairs Trace Fear Conditioning and
... function—modeling the dysfunction seen in individuals diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. EtOH-exposed adult rats are impaired in auditory trace fear conditioning (TFC), a form of Pavlovian conditioning in which a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; tone) is followed by an aversive uncond ...
... function—modeling the dysfunction seen in individuals diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. EtOH-exposed adult rats are impaired in auditory trace fear conditioning (TFC), a form of Pavlovian conditioning in which a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; tone) is followed by an aversive uncond ...
Background Paper 3 - Yale School of Medicine
... performance. Neurons that fire preferentially during the delay period in a delayed response (DR) task (thought to be the essential electrophysiological component of WM2) display a loss of persistent firing across the delay by middle age that is further exacerbated in aged monkeys45. (Figure 3) Neuro ...
... performance. Neurons that fire preferentially during the delay period in a delayed response (DR) task (thought to be the essential electrophysiological component of WM2) display a loss of persistent firing across the delay by middle age that is further exacerbated in aged monkeys45. (Figure 3) Neuro ...
Fluoxetine and hyperforin appear to act like a
... receptors then relay the signal from the neurotransmitters, called an EPSP, to the rest of the postsynaptic neuron, and release the neurotransmitters back into the cleft. Pumps on the presynaptic neuron become activated when an excess of neurotransmitter ...
... receptors then relay the signal from the neurotransmitters, called an EPSP, to the rest of the postsynaptic neuron, and release the neurotransmitters back into the cleft. Pumps on the presynaptic neuron become activated when an excess of neurotransmitter ...
敌獳湯⌠ⴷ8
... contains nothing but the large cell bodies of the Purkinje cells, arranged side by side in rows. The elaborate, highly branched dendritic trees of these cells are directed outward into the molecular layer, where the dendritic tree of each individual Purkinje cell lies in a plane perpendicular to the ...
... contains nothing but the large cell bodies of the Purkinje cells, arranged side by side in rows. The elaborate, highly branched dendritic trees of these cells are directed outward into the molecular layer, where the dendritic tree of each individual Purkinje cell lies in a plane perpendicular to the ...
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli
... responses are essentially linear. Second-order neurons o f a variety of visual systems also generate essentially linear responses. This is the case in vertebrate retinas (Naka et al., 1979; Tranchina et al., 1983; Chappell et al., 1985), in Limulus lateral eyes (Knight et al., 1970), in insect compo ...
... responses are essentially linear. Second-order neurons o f a variety of visual systems also generate essentially linear responses. This is the case in vertebrate retinas (Naka et al., 1979; Tranchina et al., 1983; Chappell et al., 1985), in Limulus lateral eyes (Knight et al., 1970), in insect compo ...
Lesson #7-8
... contains nothing but the large cell bodies of the Purkinje cells, arranged side by side in rows. The elaborate, highly branched dendritic trees of these cells are directed outward into the molecular layer, where the dendritic tree of each individual Purkinje cell lies in a plane perpendicular to the ...
... contains nothing but the large cell bodies of the Purkinje cells, arranged side by side in rows. The elaborate, highly branched dendritic trees of these cells are directed outward into the molecular layer, where the dendritic tree of each individual Purkinje cell lies in a plane perpendicular to the ...
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
... switch sign, thereby violating Dale’s principle. The shortcomings of assuming additive learning rules can be partially alleviated by introducing additional mechanisms such as synaptic scaling or metaplasticity, that ensure synapses are maintained in the relevant biological range [15]. Metaplasticity ...
... switch sign, thereby violating Dale’s principle. The shortcomings of assuming additive learning rules can be partially alleviated by introducing additional mechanisms such as synaptic scaling or metaplasticity, that ensure synapses are maintained in the relevant biological range [15]. Metaplasticity ...