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Soil in Persian Poetry and culture
Soil in Persian Poetry and culture

... Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany (s.alavipanah@ut.ac.ir) ...
Soil Formation Worksheet
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... Ferrosols (red soils) are Tasmania’s prime agricultural soils and support a wide range of enterprises including grazing, field crops and vegetables. Objectives To assess changes in organic carbon (OC), extractable phosphorus (P) and soil pH in 24 Ferrosols used for agriculture in northern Tasmania. ...
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Case Study: Desertification in the Sahel - IBGeography
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... Accelerated soil erosion: deforestation (trees cut down to provide land for cultivation), overgrazing, over-cultivation, usage of manure for fuel (which eliminates nutrients and affects soil structure) and growing crops on steep slopes (plants cut off = water erosion.) Salinisation: irrigation (exce ...
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Tillage



Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Examples of human-powered tilling methods using hand tools include shovelling, picking, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. Examples of draft-animal-powered or mechanized work include ploughing (overturning with moldboards or chiseling with chisel shanks), rototilling, rolling with cultipackers or other rollers, harrowing, and cultivating with cultivator shanks (teeth). Small-scale gardening and farming, for household food production or small business production, tends to use the smaller-scale methods above, whereas medium- to large-scale farming tends to use the larger-scale methods. There is a fluid continuum, however. Any type of gardening or farming, but especially larger-scale commercial types, may also use low-till or no-till methods as well.Tillage is often classified into two types, primary and secondary. There is no strict boundary between them so much as a loose distinction between tillage that is deeper and more thorough (primary) and tillage that is shallower and sometimes more selective of location (secondary). Primary tillage such as ploughing tends to produce a rough surface finish, whereas secondary tillage tends to produce a smoother surface finish, such as that required to make a good seedbed for many crops. Harrowing and rototilling often combine primary and secondary tillage into one operation.""Tillage"" can also mean the land that is tilled. The word ""cultivation"" has several senses that overlap substantially with those of ""tillage"". In a general context, both can refer to agriculture. Within agriculture, both can refer to any of the kinds of soil agitation described above. Additionally, ""cultivation"" or ""cultivating"" may refer to an even narrower sense of shallow, selective secondary tillage of row crop fields that kills weeds while sparing the crop plants.
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