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Introduction
Introduction

... We tend to associate these small organisms only with uncomfortable infections, major diseases such as AIDS, SARS, or such common inconveniences as spoiled food. For instance, in 1347, the bubonic plague that swept through Europe led 25 million people (about one third of the European population) to d ...
Promoting Beneficial Microorganisms
Promoting Beneficial Microorganisms

... In addition to the use of nitrogen fixing bacteria and mycorrhizae fungi, certain steps can be taken during the restoration process to promote microorganisms. For example, site preparation methods can have a big influence on the health of microorganism communities. Tilling and chemical application ...
antibiotic disc diffusion
antibiotic disc diffusion

... A true antibiotic is an antimicrobial chemical produced by microorganisms against other microorganisms. Mankind has made very good use of these antimicrobials in its fight against infectious disease. Many drugs are now completely synthetic or the natural drug is manipulated to change its structure s ...
Microbiol Rev w Cases
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... Patients with bacterial pneumonia due to most other bacterial agents have thick, purulent secretions. The laboratory needs to be informed because the organism requires a specific growth medium, buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar. ...
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CHAPTER 34: BACTERIA
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... rigid, helical flagella or hairlike pili. The bacterial cell wall is characterized as either gram-negative or gram-positive. Some bacteria form thick-walled endospores that are extremely resistant to heat. There are few structural differences among bacteria; therefore they are classified by their me ...
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... make vitamin K, which humans use for blood clotting. In exchange, the E. coli get a warm place with food to live. Bacteria are used to make many foods such as cheese, yogurt, and pickles. Bacteria break down the covering of cocoa beans during the production of chocolate. Some vitamin pills are made ...
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Topic 11 Amphibians - Plattsburgh State Faculty and Research Web

... The hind legs are very enlarged and elongated.  The vertebral column is short and the vertebrae are braced by zygapophyses that limit lateral bending.  The pelvis is solidly attached to the vertebral column and it has been greatly modified and strengthened.  The ilium has been elongated and the r ...
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Document

... Passage 1 Sometimes, doctors perform a skin graft to transfer some of a person’s healthy skin to an area where skin has been damaged. Doctors perform skin grafts because skin is often the best “bandage” for a wound. Like cloth or plastic bandages, skin protects the wound. Skin allows the wound to br ...
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Skin flora



The skin flora, more properly referred to as the skin microbiota, are the microorganisms which reside on the skin. Most research has been upon those that reside upon the 2 square metres of human skin, cf. the human microbiome. The skin microbiome refer to their genomes.Many of them are bacteria of which there are around 1000 species upon human skin from 19 phyla. The total number of bacteria on an average human has been estimated at 1012 (1 trillion). Most are found in the superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of hair follicles.Skin flora is usually non-pathogenic, and either commensal (are not harmful to their host) or mutualistic (offer a benefit). The benefits bacteria can offer include preventing transient pathogenic organisms from colonizing the skin surface, either by competing for nutrients, secreting chemicals against them, or stimulating the skin's immune system. However, resident microbes can cause skin diseases and enter the blood system creating life-threatening diseases particularly in immunosuppressed people.A major nonhuman skin flora is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid and non-hyphal zoosporic fungus that causes chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease thought to be responsible for the decline in amphibian populations.
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