powerpoint lecture
... • Most of cortex works together via complex connections – Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas – Send outputs to multiple areas, including premotor cortex ...
... • Most of cortex works together via complex connections – Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas – Send outputs to multiple areas, including premotor cortex ...
Cerebellum: The Brain for an Implicit Self
... visual cortex. They proposed a model of a neuronal circuit to explain how the characteristic responsiveness of “simple” and “complex” cells are formed, using input from concentric receptive fields of the lateral geniculate neurons. These early discoveries marked the start of modern neuroscience. Neu ...
... visual cortex. They proposed a model of a neuronal circuit to explain how the characteristic responsiveness of “simple” and “complex” cells are formed, using input from concentric receptive fields of the lateral geniculate neurons. These early discoveries marked the start of modern neuroscience. Neu ...
Attention
... tasks. Discuss how attention can alter the speed of visual processing, assuming attention to visual objects does not have a direct effect on visual transduction or motor coding. 7. Explain the concept of shifting attention. Discuss the effects on the brain of shifting attention from one task to ano ...
... tasks. Discuss how attention can alter the speed of visual processing, assuming attention to visual objects does not have a direct effect on visual transduction or motor coding. 7. Explain the concept of shifting attention. Discuss the effects on the brain of shifting attention from one task to ano ...
... to create persistent attention to rewards, novel or unexpected stimuli, or aversive stimuli, much like dopamine increases spatial focus in ARS. Addictive behaviors operate via similar mechanisms (Berke & Hyman, 2000). As stated previously and discussed further in Section 4, inappropriate levels of d ...
The evolution of brains from early mammals to humans
... as in present-day marsupials, so that they could grasp maternal hair and nurse.29 As placental mammals could have long gestation periods for brain development, they thereby escaped this restriction. Overall, the comparative evidence indicates that early mammals had on the order of 15–20 cortical are ...
... as in present-day marsupials, so that they could grasp maternal hair and nurse.29 As placental mammals could have long gestation periods for brain development, they thereby escaped this restriction. Overall, the comparative evidence indicates that early mammals had on the order of 15–20 cortical are ...
Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation
... suggesting that refinement of the models might be needed to fully account for the relationship between frontal asymmetry, motivation, and emotion. Research has tended to support aspects of both Heller’s (1986, 1990) and Davidson’s (1983) models. Although these models have often been treated as if th ...
... suggesting that refinement of the models might be needed to fully account for the relationship between frontal asymmetry, motivation, and emotion. Research has tended to support aspects of both Heller’s (1986, 1990) and Davidson’s (1983) models. Although these models have often been treated as if th ...
Distributed Modular Architectures Linking Basal Ganglia
... 1990; Murphy et aI., 1993). At the cortical level learning appears to be guided mainly by local correlations between preand postsynaptic activity. Local learning rules are useful in unsupervised learning tasks, which can be effective in organizing sensory representations into topographic and cogniti ...
... 1990; Murphy et aI., 1993). At the cortical level learning appears to be guided mainly by local correlations between preand postsynaptic activity. Local learning rules are useful in unsupervised learning tasks, which can be effective in organizing sensory representations into topographic and cogniti ...
Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality
... The human conceptual system contains knowledge that supports all cognitive activities, including perception, memory, language and thought. According to most current theories, states in modality-specific systems for perception, action and emotion do not represent knowledge – rather, redescriptions of ...
... The human conceptual system contains knowledge that supports all cognitive activities, including perception, memory, language and thought. According to most current theories, states in modality-specific systems for perception, action and emotion do not represent knowledge – rather, redescriptions of ...
Eagleman Ch 14. Motivation and Reward
... engage in a particular behavior. Punishments make it less likely to engage in that particular behavior. Primary rewards directly affect homeostasis. Secondary rewards are associated with primary rewards. ...
... engage in a particular behavior. Punishments make it less likely to engage in that particular behavior. Primary rewards directly affect homeostasis. Secondary rewards are associated with primary rewards. ...
a full bladder is sometimes a boon
... impulses is not stable, but varies. One condition known to make self-control more difficult is the prior arousal of visceral factors (Loewenstein, 1996). The effects of these visceral factors have been shown not to be bound by the visceral domain. For example, Briers et al. (2006) showed that hunger ...
... impulses is not stable, but varies. One condition known to make self-control more difficult is the prior arousal of visceral factors (Loewenstein, 1996). The effects of these visceral factors have been shown not to be bound by the visceral domain. For example, Briers et al. (2006) showed that hunger ...
Chronic multiunit recordings in behaving animals: advantages and
... somatic action potentials, but record dendritic or axonal spikes with some difficulty. The method used to study brain functions depends on the question one likes to answer, given that every method has it advantages and disadvantages. Some methods, like EEG and fMRI have the advantage of being noninv ...
... somatic action potentials, but record dendritic or axonal spikes with some difficulty. The method used to study brain functions depends on the question one likes to answer, given that every method has it advantages and disadvantages. Some methods, like EEG and fMRI have the advantage of being noninv ...
Higher-Order Functions
... diencephalon, plays an uncertain role in memory storage and retrieval. Damage to this nucleus is associated with changes in emotional states, memory, and intellectual function. ...
... diencephalon, plays an uncertain role in memory storage and retrieval. Damage to this nucleus is associated with changes in emotional states, memory, and intellectual function. ...
THE CINGULATE CORTEX AND HUMAN MEMORY PROCESSES
... the cingulate cortex is meaningful. Increased size of several areas of the cingulate cortex correlates with a decrease in the number of errors in memory tests. However, a decrease in the number of errors not only does not improve overall memory performance but actually tends to deteriorate total rec ...
... the cingulate cortex is meaningful. Increased size of several areas of the cingulate cortex correlates with a decrease in the number of errors in memory tests. However, a decrease in the number of errors not only does not improve overall memory performance but actually tends to deteriorate total rec ...
Kandel and Schwartz, 4th Edition Principles of Neural Science Chap
... All behavior is mediated by the central nervous system, which consists of the spinal cord and the brain. The brain is composed of six regions, each of which can be further subdivided into several anatomically and functionally distinct areas. The six major brain divisions are the medulla, pons, cereb ...
... All behavior is mediated by the central nervous system, which consists of the spinal cord and the brain. The brain is composed of six regions, each of which can be further subdivided into several anatomically and functionally distinct areas. The six major brain divisions are the medulla, pons, cereb ...
A Feedback Model of Visual Attention
... convey information in the reverse direction and lateral connections integrate information across the visual field (Lamme et al., 1998; Lamme and Roelfsema, 2000). Feedforward and feedback connections can be distinguished by the cortical layers from which they originate and in which they terminate, a ...
... convey information in the reverse direction and lateral connections integrate information across the visual field (Lamme et al., 1998; Lamme and Roelfsema, 2000). Feedforward and feedback connections can be distinguished by the cortical layers from which they originate and in which they terminate, a ...
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
... that the spindle cells may relay to other parts of the brain—especially to area 10, the outcome of processing within the anterior cingulate cortex. This relay conveys the motivation to act. It particularly concerns the recognition of having committed an error that leads to the initiation of adaptive ...
... that the spindle cells may relay to other parts of the brain—especially to area 10, the outcome of processing within the anterior cingulate cortex. This relay conveys the motivation to act. It particularly concerns the recognition of having committed an error that leads to the initiation of adaptive ...
CHAPTER 12: THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MODULE 12.1
... Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (continued): o Primary motor cortex – plans and executes movement o Primary sensory cortices – first regions to receive and process sensory input o Association areas integrate different typ ...
... Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (continued): o Primary motor cortex – plans and executes movement o Primary sensory cortices – first regions to receive and process sensory input o Association areas integrate different typ ...
Neural networks engaged in milliseconds and seconds time
... might constitute such an event; by contrast, these patients showed no-to-minimal impairment when producing repetitive movements in a smooth, continuous manner (Spencer et al. 2003). Ivry and colleagues suggested that the critical distinction between discrete and continuous movement timing is the way ...
... might constitute such an event; by contrast, these patients showed no-to-minimal impairment when producing repetitive movements in a smooth, continuous manner (Spencer et al. 2003). Ivry and colleagues suggested that the critical distinction between discrete and continuous movement timing is the way ...
Objectives:
... implicated in a bewildering variety of behavioral and regulatory functions. These include emotion and memory, social behaviors such as reproduction, fear and aggression, and modulation of the autonomic and neuroendocrine systems. Many amgdala effects appear opposite to those of the septum. For insta ...
... implicated in a bewildering variety of behavioral and regulatory functions. These include emotion and memory, social behaviors such as reproduction, fear and aggression, and modulation of the autonomic and neuroendocrine systems. Many amgdala effects appear opposite to those of the septum. For insta ...
Ullman, 2004 - Brain and Language Lab
... (Damasio, Grabowski, Tranel, Hichwa, & Damasio, 1996; Martin, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 2000). It has been posited that medial temporal lobe structures associate or “bind” inputs from cortical regions, which together store an entire memory (Alvarez & Squire, 1994; McClelland, McNaughton, & O’Reilly, 199 ...
... (Damasio, Grabowski, Tranel, Hichwa, & Damasio, 1996; Martin, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 2000). It has been posited that medial temporal lobe structures associate or “bind” inputs from cortical regions, which together store an entire memory (Alvarez & Squire, 1994; McClelland, McNaughton, & O’Reilly, 199 ...
2. Parkinsons diseas and Movement Disorders. 1998
... Different areas of the cerebral cortex (neocortex) may be distinguished from one another by their histological features and neuroanatomical connections. Brodmann’s numbering scheme for cortical areas has been used for many years and will be introduced in this section. Projection areas. By following ...
... Different areas of the cerebral cortex (neocortex) may be distinguished from one another by their histological features and neuroanatomical connections. Brodmann’s numbering scheme for cortical areas has been used for many years and will be introduced in this section. Projection areas. By following ...
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions
... species. For these tasks, a cue must be held in memory over a temporal gap before an appropriate response can be emitted. Although many attempts have been made to discover the neural circuitry responsible for working memory, there are still many unanswered questions about how the brain accomplishes ...
... species. For these tasks, a cue must be held in memory over a temporal gap before an appropriate response can be emitted. Although many attempts have been made to discover the neural circuitry responsible for working memory, there are still many unanswered questions about how the brain accomplishes ...
The Organization of the Frontal Motor Cortex
... General considerations. Modern neuroanatomic techniques showed that each frontal motor area has a specific pattern of anatomic connections. When this pattern is closely examined and the functional properties of the areas connected with one another are considered, it emerges that the various frontal ...
... General considerations. Modern neuroanatomic techniques showed that each frontal motor area has a specific pattern of anatomic connections. When this pattern is closely examined and the functional properties of the areas connected with one another are considered, it emerges that the various frontal ...
Role of the thalamic nucleus reuniens in mediating interactions
... species. For these tasks, a cue must be held in memory over a temporal gap before an appropriate response can be emitted. Although many attempts have been made to discover the neural circuitry responsible for working memory, there are still many unanswered questions about how the brain accomplishes ...
... species. For these tasks, a cue must be held in memory over a temporal gap before an appropriate response can be emitted. Although many attempts have been made to discover the neural circuitry responsible for working memory, there are still many unanswered questions about how the brain accomplishes ...
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
... Surgery on the anterior commissure (AC) was carried out under aseptic conditions and anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (25–30 mgykg). The right hemisphere was retracted from the falx with a brain spoon. An aspirator was used to make a sagittal incision #5 mm in length in the corpus callosum, ente ...
... Surgery on the anterior commissure (AC) was carried out under aseptic conditions and anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (25–30 mgykg). The right hemisphere was retracted from the falx with a brain spoon. An aspirator was used to make a sagittal incision #5 mm in length in the corpus callosum, ente ...
Executive functions
Executive functions (also known as cognitive control and supervisory attentional system) is an umbrella term for the management (regulation, control) of cognitive processes, including working memory, reasoning, task flexibility, and problem solving as well as planning and execution.The executive system is a theorized cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes, such as executive functions. The prefrontal areas of the frontal lobe are necessary but not solely sufficient for carrying out these functions.