REVIEWS - Institute for Applied Psychometrics
... synapses. a | Shows an information-processing (IP) model of time perception8 implementing the scalar expectancy theory43. In the model, a dopaminergic pacemaker sends ‘pulses’ to an accumulator during the training period, and the number of pulses is stored in reference memory (which depends on the ‘ ...
... synapses. a | Shows an information-processing (IP) model of time perception8 implementing the scalar expectancy theory43. In the model, a dopaminergic pacemaker sends ‘pulses’ to an accumulator during the training period, and the number of pulses is stored in reference memory (which depends on the ‘ ...
The dual-pathway model of auditory signal
... distributed reciprocal extrinsic connections with rostral superior temporal gyrus (STG), insula, inferior parietal lobe (IPL), lateral prefrontal cortices, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, and subcortical structures including dorsal and medial divisions of the medial geniculate complex, putamen, inferior ...
... distributed reciprocal extrinsic connections with rostral superior temporal gyrus (STG), insula, inferior parietal lobe (IPL), lateral prefrontal cortices, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, and subcortical structures including dorsal and medial divisions of the medial geniculate complex, putamen, inferior ...
Functional imaging of human auditory cortex
... seen in old world primate species. A central challenge to future research is to understand how this basic primate plan has evolved to support uniquely human abilities such as music and language. Keywords attention, auditory cortex, auditory cortical fields, plasticity, tonotopy Curr Opin Otolaryngol ...
... seen in old world primate species. A central challenge to future research is to understand how this basic primate plan has evolved to support uniquely human abilities such as music and language. Keywords attention, auditory cortex, auditory cortical fields, plasticity, tonotopy Curr Opin Otolaryngol ...
Single-trial decoding of intended eye movement goals from lateral
... activity that may support BCI implementations. MEA recordings from populations of neurons provide statistical redundancy that enable the estimation of latent network structure (Cunningham and Yu 2014; Yu et al. 2009) that may underlie behavior and constrain learning (Chase et al. 2012; Sadtler et al ...
... activity that may support BCI implementations. MEA recordings from populations of neurons provide statistical redundancy that enable the estimation of latent network structure (Cunningham and Yu 2014; Yu et al. 2009) that may underlie behavior and constrain learning (Chase et al. 2012; Sadtler et al ...
Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... suppressive effects have been reported in the visual system, and they have been attributed to a particular computational theory of neural processing called the normalization model. Normalization in the visual system provides a variety of useful functions including maximizing sensitivity for some sti ...
... suppressive effects have been reported in the visual system, and they have been attributed to a particular computational theory of neural processing called the normalization model. Normalization in the visual system provides a variety of useful functions including maximizing sensitivity for some sti ...
Features of Neuronal Synchrony in Mouse Visual Cortex
... global stimulus properties (for review see Engel and Singer 2001; Engel et al. 2001; Singer 1999; Singer and Gray 1995). Therefore it is not a mere reflection of network connectivity but, rather, a result of context-dependent dynamic interactions involving a combination of bottom-up and top-down inf ...
... global stimulus properties (for review see Engel and Singer 2001; Engel et al. 2001; Singer 1999; Singer and Gray 1995). Therefore it is not a mere reflection of network connectivity but, rather, a result of context-dependent dynamic interactions involving a combination of bottom-up and top-down inf ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... The perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is composed of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas (areas 35 and 36) originally described by Brodmann [7]. In monkeys, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 form a band of cortex situated lateral to the full extent of the rhinal sulcus (Figure la) [P]. On the ...
... The perirhinal cortex in both monkeys and rats is composed of two cytoarchitectonically distinct areas (areas 35 and 36) originally described by Brodmann [7]. In monkeys, perirhinal areas 35 and 36 form a band of cortex situated lateral to the full extent of the rhinal sulcus (Figure la) [P]. On the ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... tivity exhibited by individual neurons during the progress of behavioral the highest firing rate for each neuron. If the firing rate in that epoch was epochs of cue, delay, and response periods. For this purpose, we analyzed significantly greater ( p ⬍ 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test) than in the conthe i ...
... tivity exhibited by individual neurons during the progress of behavioral the highest firing rate for each neuron. If the firing rate in that epoch was epochs of cue, delay, and response periods. For this purpose, we analyzed significantly greater ( p ⬍ 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test) than in the conthe i ...
The development of emotion regulation: an fMRI
... centered on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and also includes the posterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal sulcus and the temporal poles. These regions are thought to support the ability to attribute mental states to the self and others, which underlies many complex social cognitive abilit ...
... centered on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and also includes the posterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal sulcus and the temporal poles. These regions are thought to support the ability to attribute mental states to the self and others, which underlies many complex social cognitive abilit ...
The neural basis of moral cognition
... passive viewing of pictures with moral content48. Samples of the pictorial149 and written stimuli used in these studies are shown. The remarkable overlap of brain regions involved in moral cognition, regardless of a wide variation in task requirements and stimulus modalities, contrasts with the larg ...
... passive viewing of pictures with moral content48. Samples of the pictorial149 and written stimuli used in these studies are shown. The remarkable overlap of brain regions involved in moral cognition, regardless of a wide variation in task requirements and stimulus modalities, contrasts with the larg ...
download file
... it was clear in the group data. The median (10^90 percentile) signal to noise ratio within 0.25 mm of the A1 midline running anterior to posterior was 18 (8^59), compared to 12 (5^42) for sites greater than 0.25 mm from the midline. No consistent mapping of response latency, stimulus threshold, or f ...
... it was clear in the group data. The median (10^90 percentile) signal to noise ratio within 0.25 mm of the A1 midline running anterior to posterior was 18 (8^59), compared to 12 (5^42) for sites greater than 0.25 mm from the midline. No consistent mapping of response latency, stimulus threshold, or f ...
Age-related differences in brain activity underlying identification of
... Faces with positive, negative and neutral expressions were taken from the Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE) and Neutral Faces (JACNeuF, Biehl et al., 1997), a stimulus set that has been extensively normed in younger adults. The JACFEE contains 56 photographs, including ei ...
... Faces with positive, negative and neutral expressions were taken from the Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE) and Neutral Faces (JACNeuF, Biehl et al., 1997), a stimulus set that has been extensively normed in younger adults. The JACFEE contains 56 photographs, including ei ...
Reinforcement - Karl Pribram
... States Army Medical Research and Development Command, and a basic research grant from the Ford Foundation. My thanks are due specifically to Daniel Kimble, Paul McReynolds, Richard Whalen, and Elisabeth Wadleigh, who presented me with the missing links· to my thinking at just the moment I needed the ...
... States Army Medical Research and Development Command, and a basic research grant from the Ford Foundation. My thanks are due specifically to Daniel Kimble, Paul McReynolds, Richard Whalen, and Elisabeth Wadleigh, who presented me with the missing links· to my thinking at just the moment I needed the ...
Précis of The Brain and Emotion
... neutral stimuli (such as a table) can produce sensations when touched. It accordingly seems to be much more useful to categorise stimuli according to whether they are reinforcing (in which case they produce emotions), or are not reinforcing (in which case they do not produce emotions). Clearly there ...
... neutral stimuli (such as a table) can produce sensations when touched. It accordingly seems to be much more useful to categorise stimuli according to whether they are reinforcing (in which case they produce emotions), or are not reinforcing (in which case they do not produce emotions). Clearly there ...
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
... enormous efforts are being devoted to tracing their functional properties down to the level of individual molecules. However, despite the victorious career of this analytic approach we are still lacking an appropriate under standing of the brain’s integrative functions: How do all the known compo ...
... enormous efforts are being devoted to tracing their functional properties down to the level of individual molecules. However, despite the victorious career of this analytic approach we are still lacking an appropriate under standing of the brain’s integrative functions: How do all the known compo ...
Frontostriatal mechanisms in instruction-based learning
... to continuously verbalize the currently relevant response, the patients with parietal lesions are able to do so, and most importantly this manipulation also restores the instructed behavior. In contrast, patients with frontal lesions, while still being able to verbalize the currently relevant respon ...
... to continuously verbalize the currently relevant response, the patients with parietal lesions are able to do so, and most importantly this manipulation also restores the instructed behavior. In contrast, patients with frontal lesions, while still being able to verbalize the currently relevant respon ...
Neural Substrates Related to Motor Memory with Multiple
... recent behavioral and computational modeling studies have shed light on the temporal structure of motor adaptation by showing that motor behavior is well accounted for by the sum of multiple motor memory states with different timescales. For instance, models with two time constants can reproduce a n ...
... recent behavioral and computational modeling studies have shed light on the temporal structure of motor adaptation by showing that motor behavior is well accounted for by the sum of multiple motor memory states with different timescales. For instance, models with two time constants can reproduce a n ...
General Cortical and Special Prefrontal Connections: Principles
... far from each other and are architectonically distinct, but they have in common the simplest types of laminar structure (Figure 1c, i, c, ii). Neuronal density per unit volume is often a reliable indicator of type for sensory and association cortices. Other architectonic parameters also help describ ...
... far from each other and are architectonically distinct, but they have in common the simplest types of laminar structure (Figure 1c, i, c, ii). Neuronal density per unit volume is often a reliable indicator of type for sensory and association cortices. Other architectonic parameters also help describ ...
Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... on a test of written verbal fluency, based on the Thurstone Word Fluency Task (Thurstone and Thurstone, 1962). The task involved the written generation of as many words as possible beginning with a given letter, in a limited time period: Subjects were required to write (i) words beginning with the l ...
... on a test of written verbal fluency, based on the Thurstone Word Fluency Task (Thurstone and Thurstone, 1962). The task involved the written generation of as many words as possible beginning with a given letter, in a limited time period: Subjects were required to write (i) words beginning with the l ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Decomposing the
... stimulation of cortical tissue through the intact scalp of a participant. The technique induces a short-lived (~200 µs) electrical current of up to 5 kA in a stimulation coil placed over the scalp of the participant, which in turn will generate a perpendicular magnetic field (i.e., directed to the c ...
... stimulation of cortical tissue through the intact scalp of a participant. The technique induces a short-lived (~200 µs) electrical current of up to 5 kA in a stimulation coil placed over the scalp of the participant, which in turn will generate a perpendicular magnetic field (i.e., directed to the c ...
Author`s personal copy
... maps represent their relevant sensory or motor dimensions continuously and completely. The second principle is that topographic and anatomical boundaries align with one another. These principles together form what we term, for simplicity, the standard model of topographic organization (see also [9,1 ...
... maps represent their relevant sensory or motor dimensions continuously and completely. The second principle is that topographic and anatomical boundaries align with one another. These principles together form what we term, for simplicity, the standard model of topographic organization (see also [9,1 ...
Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of
... increases plasma corticosterone levels, which is associated with deterioration of hippocampal neurons, glial cells and spatial memory (22–24). As it is well established that excessive corticosterone suppresses hippocampal-dependent learning and memory (41, 42), an increase in circulating corticoster ...
... increases plasma corticosterone levels, which is associated with deterioration of hippocampal neurons, glial cells and spatial memory (22–24). As it is well established that excessive corticosterone suppresses hippocampal-dependent learning and memory (41, 42), an increase in circulating corticoster ...
The Basal Ganglia and Chunking of Action Repertoires
... new input–output relations in cortico-basal ganglia loops. Recordings from striatal projection neurons and interneurons show that activity patterns in the striatum are modified gradually during the course of S–R learning. It is proposed that this recoding within the striatum can chunk the representa ...
... new input–output relations in cortico-basal ganglia loops. Recordings from striatal projection neurons and interneurons show that activity patterns in the striatum are modified gradually during the course of S–R learning. It is proposed that this recoding within the striatum can chunk the representa ...
Dissociation of Mnemonic Coding and Other Functional Neuronal
... Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, 00014-University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland sensory stimulation. These results indicate that most prefrontal neurons firing selectively during the delay phase of the DA task are highly specialized and process only task-related information. ...
... Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, 00014-University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland sensory stimulation. These results indicate that most prefrontal neurons firing selectively during the delay phase of the DA task are highly specialized and process only task-related information. ...
Roles of Multiple Globus Pallidus Territories of Monkeys and
... back to the striatum to modulate the activity of striatal neurons (Staines et al., 1981; Beckstead, 1983; Jayaraman, 1983; Bevan et al., 1998; Kita et al., 1999; Bolam et al., 2000). Therefore, the GPe is a key node involved in the control of information flow through the BG, whereas the GPi integrat ...
... back to the striatum to modulate the activity of striatal neurons (Staines et al., 1981; Beckstead, 1983; Jayaraman, 1983; Bevan et al., 1998; Kita et al., 1999; Bolam et al., 2000). Therefore, the GPe is a key node involved in the control of information flow through the BG, whereas the GPi integrat ...
Executive functions
Executive functions (also known as cognitive control and supervisory attentional system) is an umbrella term for the management (regulation, control) of cognitive processes, including working memory, reasoning, task flexibility, and problem solving as well as planning and execution.The executive system is a theorized cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes, such as executive functions. The prefrontal areas of the frontal lobe are necessary but not solely sufficient for carrying out these functions.