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Lecture Notes for the whole course
Lecture Notes for the whole course

... Assume we want to arrange n objects in a line, the n objects are of k different types, and objects of the same type are indistinguishable. Let ai be the number of objects of type i . Then the number of different arrangements is: n! a1 !a2 ! . . . ak ! ...
DIVISIBILITY OF CLASS NUMBERS OF REAL 1. INTRODUCTION
DIVISIBILITY OF CLASS NUMBERS OF REAL 1. INTRODUCTION

Principles of Model Checking
Principles of Model Checking

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF EXTREME VALUES
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF EXTREME VALUES

Characterstics of Ternary Semirings
Characterstics of Ternary Semirings

NORMALITY OF NUMBERS GENERATED BY THE VALUES OF
NORMALITY OF NUMBERS GENERATED BY THE VALUES OF

... is normal in base 10. These examples correspond to the choice f (x) = x in (1.1). Davenport and Erdös [5] considered the case where f (x) is a polynomial whose values at x = 1, 2, . . . are always integers and showed that in this case the numbers θq (f ) and τq (f ) are normal. For f (x) a polynomi ...
An introduction to the Smarandache Square
An introduction to the Smarandache Square

code-carrying theory - Computer Science at RPI
code-carrying theory - Computer Science at RPI

Not Always Buried Deep
Not Always Buried Deep

Graphical Representation of Canonical Proof: Two case studies
Graphical Representation of Canonical Proof: Two case studies

... of freely permutable inferences. A proof system that is free of bureaucracy is called canonical for a logic. In this dissertation two canonical proof systems are presented, for two logics: a notion of proof nets for additive linear logic with units, and ‘classical proof forests’, a graphical formali ...
Announcement as effort on topological spaces
Announcement as effort on topological spaces

... 3Kϕ again means that the agent comes to know ϕ, but in the interpretation that there is a formula ψ such that after announcing it the agent knows ϕ. What becomes true or known by an agent after an announcement can be expressed in this language without explicit reference to the announced formula. Cle ...
Revising the AGM Postulates
Revising the AGM Postulates

Diskrete Mathematik für Informatik (SS 2017)
Diskrete Mathematik für Informatik (SS 2017)

... taking a practical look at the formal nuts and bolts of mathematical reasoning. ...
Principia Logico-Metaphysica (Draft/Excerpt)
Principia Logico-Metaphysica (Draft/Excerpt)

... A constant is any expression that is either an individual constant or an n-place relation constant (n 0). A variable is any expression that is either an individual variable or an n-place relation variable (n 0). The expressions listed in the column labeled ‘Less Formal’ are often used as replacement ...
Mathematics Curriculum
Mathematics Curriculum

Introduction to Computational Logic
Introduction to Computational Logic

... This time the claim involves a boolean variable x and the proof proceeds by case analysis on x. Since reflexivity performs simplification automatically, we have omitted the tactic simpl. It is important that with Coq you step back and forth in the proof script and observe what happens. This way you ...
Structural Proof Theory
Structural Proof Theory

Calculus
Calculus

Title: Asymptotic distribution of integers with certain prime
Title: Asymptotic distribution of integers with certain prime

... 2.2. Ordinal counting functions. It might seem surprising at first sight that the counting function M2,2 is related to studying asymptotic properties of transfinite ordinals. Since transfinite ordinals rarely show up in a number-theoretic context we will explain some features of this connection in i ...
Precalculus Notes
Precalculus Notes

The Goldston-Pintz-Yıldırım sieve and some applications
The Goldston-Pintz-Yıldırım sieve and some applications

Mathematical Olympiads 2000–2001
Mathematical Olympiads 2000–2001

Mathematical Olympiads 2000–2001
Mathematical Olympiads 2000–2001

Labeled Natural Deduction for Temporal Logics
Labeled Natural Deduction for Temporal Logics

numbers and uniform ergodic theorems
numbers and uniform ergodic theorems

1 2 3 4 5 ... 132 >

Non-standard calculus

In mathematics, non-standard calculus is the modern application of infinitesimals, in the sense of non-standard analysis, to differential and integral calculus. It provides a rigorous justification for some arguments in calculus that were previously considered merely heuristic.Calculations with infinitesimals were widely used before Karl Weierstrass sought to replace them with the (ε, δ)-definition of limit starting in the 1870s. (See history of calculus.) For almost one hundred years thereafter, mathematicians like Richard Courant viewed infinitesimals as being naive and vague or meaningless.Contrary to such views, Abraham Robinson showed in 1960 that infinitesimals are precise, clear, and meaningful, building upon work by Edwin Hewitt and Jerzy Łoś. According to Jerome Keisler, ""Robinson solved a three hundred year old problem by giving a precise treatment of infinitesimals. Robinson's achievement will probably rank as one of the major mathematical advances of the twentieth century.""
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