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Unit 4B: Magnetism
... of magnetic strength versus current to be an s-shaped hysteresis curve. The shape of this curve depends on how well the material in the core becomes magnetized and how long it remains magnetized. Soft iron loses its magnetism readily, while hard steel tends to retain its magnetism. In conclusion By ...
... of magnetic strength versus current to be an s-shaped hysteresis curve. The shape of this curve depends on how well the material in the core becomes magnetized and how long it remains magnetized. Soft iron loses its magnetism readily, while hard steel tends to retain its magnetism. In conclusion By ...
Environmental Embrittlement Characteristics of the AlFe and AlCuFe
... using melt spinning technique. In the case of AlFeCu, the aluminum content was varied from 50 to 75 at.%, with a constant Cu/Fe relationship of 1.33. In the AlFe case, several elements were added in amounts of 1, 2 and 4 at%. These elements were Ni, Si, Ti, Cr, Co, Ce, B and Li. These binary alloys ...
... using melt spinning technique. In the case of AlFeCu, the aluminum content was varied from 50 to 75 at.%, with a constant Cu/Fe relationship of 1.33. In the AlFe case, several elements were added in amounts of 1, 2 and 4 at%. These elements were Ni, Si, Ti, Cr, Co, Ce, B and Li. These binary alloys ...
Electric and Magnetic Fields - Environmental Health Investigations
... interest and research have focused on the effects of 50 and 60 Hertz (Hz) magnetic fields, called “power frequency” fields, from sources such as power lines, appliances and wiring in buildings. This is because it is known that magnetic fields are difficult to shield and because early scientific stud ...
... interest and research have focused on the effects of 50 and 60 Hertz (Hz) magnetic fields, called “power frequency” fields, from sources such as power lines, appliances and wiring in buildings. This is because it is known that magnetic fields are difficult to shield and because early scientific stud ...
New Insight into the Nature of Cu(TCNQ)
... Syntheses and characterization of two polymorphs of Cu(TCNQ) have been carried out and the results correlated to films of the materials. Reactions of CuI with TCNQ or [Cu(CH3CN)4][BF4] with TCNQ- lead to blue-purple needles of Cu(TCNQ) phase I (1). A slurry of this kinetic product in CH3CN yields a ...
... Syntheses and characterization of two polymorphs of Cu(TCNQ) have been carried out and the results correlated to films of the materials. Reactions of CuI with TCNQ or [Cu(CH3CN)4][BF4] with TCNQ- lead to blue-purple needles of Cu(TCNQ) phase I (1). A slurry of this kinetic product in CH3CN yields a ...
Inequalities for Schrödinger Operators and
... and we shall not repeat it here. It uses the fact that [p · a, x · b] = −ia · b for vectors a, b ∈ Cd . Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is not very useful in practice, however. Specifically, while a small value of (ψ, x2 ψ) means that ψ is localized close to the origin, a large value (ψ, x2 ψ) do ...
... and we shall not repeat it here. It uses the fact that [p · a, x · b] = −ia · b for vectors a, b ∈ Cd . Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is not very useful in practice, however. Specifically, while a small value of (ψ, x2 ψ) means that ψ is localized close to the origin, a large value (ψ, x2 ψ) do ...
X-Ray Diffraction - diss.fu
... algorithm introduced by Parratt [98]. A typical result is shown in Fig. 3.4 for a 30 nm-thick holmium layer on tungsten at hν = 900 eV, with the optical parameters β and δ taken from Ref. [99]. Total external reflection occurs at angles of incidence below the critical angle of holmium αc (Ho). There ...
... algorithm introduced by Parratt [98]. A typical result is shown in Fig. 3.4 for a 30 nm-thick holmium layer on tungsten at hν = 900 eV, with the optical parameters β and δ taken from Ref. [99]. Total external reflection occurs at angles of incidence below the critical angle of holmium αc (Ho). There ...
Collective Coherent Oscillation Plasma Modes in Surrounding
... information going into a black hole is conserved with charge, angular momentum and information is transformed by the black hole. Black holes act as an electric generator power source of quasars which emit the light of an entire galaxy. Of course, the black hole stores energy from the gravitational f ...
... information going into a black hole is conserved with charge, angular momentum and information is transformed by the black hole. Black holes act as an electric generator power source of quasars which emit the light of an entire galaxy. Of course, the black hole stores energy from the gravitational f ...
Understanding of heavy mineral separation duties using
... readily beneficiated using a combination of physical separation techniques to produce a suite of products. These separation techniques include spiral, electrostatic and magnetic separators. Mineral sands deposits that are now receiving commercial attention, contain mineral grains of slightly differe ...
... readily beneficiated using a combination of physical separation techniques to produce a suite of products. These separation techniques include spiral, electrostatic and magnetic separators. Mineral sands deposits that are now receiving commercial attention, contain mineral grains of slightly differe ...
Chapter 29
... a) The two wires will attract each other, even if no external magnetic field is applied to the wires. b) The two wires will repel each other, even if no external magnetic field is applied to the wires. c) The two wires will attract each other, only if an external magnetic field is applied to the wir ...
... a) The two wires will attract each other, even if no external magnetic field is applied to the wires. b) The two wires will repel each other, even if no external magnetic field is applied to the wires. c) The two wires will attract each other, only if an external magnetic field is applied to the wir ...
Electrofreezing of confined water
... symmetry of the oxygen atoms and larger distortion of hydrogen bond angles. The short-range order of the two ice phases is the same as the local structure of the two bilayer phases of liquid water found recently in the absence of an electric field 关J. Chem. Phys. 119, 1694 共2003兲兴. These high- and l ...
... symmetry of the oxygen atoms and larger distortion of hydrogen bond angles. The short-range order of the two ice phases is the same as the local structure of the two bilayer phases of liquid water found recently in the absence of an electric field 关J. Chem. Phys. 119, 1694 共2003兲兴. These high- and l ...
Condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics is a branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of condensed phases of matter. Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by using physical laws. In particular, these include the laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and statistical mechanics.The most familiar condensed phases are solids and liquids, while more exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices, and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in cold atomic systems. The study of condensed matter physics involves measuring various material properties via experimental probes along with using techniques of theoretical physics to develop mathematical models that help in understanding physical behavior.The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary physics: one third of all American physicists identify themselves as condensed matter physicists, and the Division of Condensed Matter Physics is the largest division at the American Physical Society. The field overlaps with chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology, and relates closely to atomic physics and biophysics. Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.A variety of topics in physics such as crystallography, metallurgy, elasticity, magnetism, etc., were treated as distinct areas, until the 1940s when they were grouped together as solid state physics. Around the 1960s, the study of physical properties of liquids was added to this list, forming the basis for the new, related specialty of condensed matter physics. According to physicist Phil Anderson, the term was coined by him and Volker Heine when they changed the name of their group at the Cavendish Laboratories, Cambridge from ""Solid state theory"" to ""Theory of Condensed Matter"" in 1967, as they felt it did not exclude their interests in the study of liquids, nuclear matter and so on. Although Anderson and Heine helped popularize the name ""condensed matter"", it had been present in Europe for some years, most prominently in the form of a journal published in English, French, and German by Springer-Verlag titled Physics of Condensed Matter, which was launched in 1963. The funding environment and Cold War politics of the 1960s and 1970s were also factors that lead some physicists to prefer the name ""condensed matter physics"", which emphasized the commonality of scientific problems encountered by physicists working on solids, liquids, plasmas, and other complex matter, over ""solid state physics"", which was often associated with the industrial applications of metals and semiconductors. The Bell Telephone Laboratories was one of the first institutes to conduct a research program in condensed matter physics.References to ""condensed"" state can be traced to earlier sources. For example, in the introduction to his 1947 ""Kinetic theory of liquids"" book, Yakov Frenkel proposed that ""The kinetic theory of liquids must accordingly be developed as a generalization and extension of the kinetic theory of solid bodies"". As a matter of fact, it would be more correct to unify them under the title of ""condensed bodies"".