digital transmission basic concepts unit 1
... which VH = - VL = V. i.e. a signal without dc components, and with at least approximately equal positive and negative peaks. For simplicity let us assume that in the range + V the signal m(t) is characterized by a uniform probability ...
... which VH = - VL = V. i.e. a signal without dc components, and with at least approximately equal positive and negative peaks. For simplicity let us assume that in the range + V the signal m(t) is characterized by a uniform probability ...
DN439 - Signal Chain Noise Analysis for RF-to-Digital Receivers
... and pA/√Hz). The contribution of current noise (pA/√Hz) is usually negligible in low impedance environments. ADC noise is primarily specified as a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in decibels. SNR is the ratio of the maximum input signal to the total integrated input noise of the ADC. In order to perform ...
... and pA/√Hz). The contribution of current noise (pA/√Hz) is usually negligible in low impedance environments. ADC noise is primarily specified as a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in decibels. SNR is the ratio of the maximum input signal to the total integrated input noise of the ADC. In order to perform ...
Analog Signal
... It does not mean that an analog signal is continuous. It does not mean that an analog circuit must be linear. ...
... It does not mean that an analog signal is continuous. It does not mean that an analog circuit must be linear. ...
Chapter 3 Exercises and Answers
... What does color depth indicate? Color depth is the amount of data used to represent a color; that is the number of bits used to represent each of the colors in the RGB value. How does pixel resolution affect the visual impact of an image? If enough pixels are used (high resolution) and presented in ...
... What does color depth indicate? Color depth is the amount of data used to represent a color; that is the number of bits used to represent each of the colors in the RGB value. How does pixel resolution affect the visual impact of an image? If enough pixels are used (high resolution) and presented in ...
hw6 - Purdue College of Engineering
... II. PCB considerations There were many considerations which went into the PCB layout design. The primary goal of successful PCB layout is reducing EMI as much as possible. Electromechanical interference (EMI) is a common and often overlooked problem in circuitry. Noise coupled on wires can wreak hav ...
... II. PCB considerations There were many considerations which went into the PCB layout design. The primary goal of successful PCB layout is reducing EMI as much as possible. Electromechanical interference (EMI) is a common and often overlooked problem in circuitry. Noise coupled on wires can wreak hav ...
CSE4214 Digital Communications
... The information in an analog waveform, with maximum frequency fm=3kHz, is to be transmitted over an M-ary PAM system, where the number of pulse levels is M=16. The quantization error is specified not to exceed (+/-)1% of the peak-to-peak analog signal. (a) What is the minimum number of bits/samples, ...
... The information in an analog waveform, with maximum frequency fm=3kHz, is to be transmitted over an M-ary PAM system, where the number of pulse levels is M=16. The quantization error is specified not to exceed (+/-)1% of the peak-to-peak analog signal. (a) What is the minimum number of bits/samples, ...
Revision Essentials - The Random Information Bureau
... You can transform this arrangement using Norton/Thevenin theorem to give three voltage sources and a series resistance. ...
... You can transform this arrangement using Norton/Thevenin theorem to give three voltage sources and a series resistance. ...
Lecture Optical Communications Receivers Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Wirt.-Ing. Stephan Pachnicke
... 1.) low noise power (resistor noise): value of RL as large as possible! 2.) high bandwidth: load resistor RP seen from photo diode as small as possible! usually transimpedance amplifier (TIA) used (additional advantage: high dynamic range for optical input signal), which is a current-to-voltag ...
... 1.) low noise power (resistor noise): value of RL as large as possible! 2.) high bandwidth: load resistor RP seen from photo diode as small as possible! usually transimpedance amplifier (TIA) used (additional advantage: high dynamic range for optical input signal), which is a current-to-voltag ...
Adding Squelch to the Soviet R107
... receiver gain to prevent overloading. It is usually very simple to add an audio switch, which can be triggered when the AGC rises above a pre-set level. Noise squelch is normally used on FM receivers because they rarely have any form of AGC, and also the noise is usually considerably louder than the ...
... receiver gain to prevent overloading. It is usually very simple to add an audio switch, which can be triggered when the AGC rises above a pre-set level. Noise squelch is normally used on FM receivers because they rarely have any form of AGC, and also the noise is usually considerably louder than the ...
Do`s and Don`ts of presentation design
... • Keep your palette simple. Four to six colors are usually plenty. Of these, only one or two should be fully saturated. Choose a color for the background first, and then pick a color that contrasts for highlighted elements. Don’t: • Forget how colors affect each other. Fully saturated complementar ...
... • Keep your palette simple. Four to six colors are usually plenty. Of these, only one or two should be fully saturated. Choose a color for the background first, and then pick a color that contrasts for highlighted elements. Don’t: • Forget how colors affect each other. Fully saturated complementar ...
Slides - Indico
... Output voltage of a DPD HMC439 wrt phase difference of two inputs (Courtesy: Hittite Microwaves) HMC439 works up to 1.3GHz and gives absolute phase difference between two RF inputs. The output phase difference is independent of the amplitude and is linear for all 360 degrees. It can resolve down to ...
... Output voltage of a DPD HMC439 wrt phase difference of two inputs (Courtesy: Hittite Microwaves) HMC439 works up to 1.3GHz and gives absolute phase difference between two RF inputs. The output phase difference is independent of the amplitude and is linear for all 360 degrees. It can resolve down to ...
Quiz 8 - Villanova Computer Science
... 1. Write a method called cube that accepts one integer parameter and returns that value raised to the third power. (Note: compute the cube by multiplying, eg, x*x*x or use Math.pow(x,y)). ...
... 1. Write a method called cube that accepts one integer parameter and returns that value raised to the third power. (Note: compute the cube by multiplying, eg, x*x*x or use Math.pow(x,y)). ...
Quiet Area 5.6.7 WHAT LIMIT SHOULD APPLY A noise limit of
... average background noise levels (in terms of LAF90) during daytime, evening and night-time periods. The resultant noise criterion applicable to the licensed facility (in terms of either LAr,T or LAeq,T) is then derived by subtracting 10dB from the average background noise level during each period. I ...
... average background noise levels (in terms of LAF90) during daytime, evening and night-time periods. The resultant noise criterion applicable to the licensed facility (in terms of either LAr,T or LAeq,T) is then derived by subtracting 10dB from the average background noise level during each period. I ...
PPT - Brown Computer Science
... Noise? One can simply smooth pixel values so that, say, white spots become closer in value to the surrounding pixels. But this removes contrast generally. Better is to locate surface boundaries and remove abrupt intensity changes that do not correspond to boundaries. This requires building up an ...
... Noise? One can simply smooth pixel values so that, say, white spots become closer in value to the surrounding pixels. But this removes contrast generally. Better is to locate surface boundaries and remove abrupt intensity changes that do not correspond to boundaries. This requires building up an ...
download
... http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/jai/forDevelopers/jai1_0_1guideunc/J2D-concepts.doc.html Color. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color Color Model. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_model Digital imaging. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imaging Image Compression. 2009. ht ...
... http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/jai/forDevelopers/jai1_0_1guideunc/J2D-concepts.doc.html Color. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color Color Model. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_model Digital imaging. 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_imaging Image Compression. 2009. ht ...
Phase Noise - Vectron International
... Figure 3 shows a block diagram of the method suggested by NIST, and used by Vectron, to measure ℓ(f ). Signals from two oscillators at the same nominal frequency are applied to the mixer inputs. Unless the oscillators have exceptional stability, one oscillator must have electronic tuning for phase l ...
... Figure 3 shows a block diagram of the method suggested by NIST, and used by Vectron, to measure ℓ(f ). Signals from two oscillators at the same nominal frequency are applied to the mixer inputs. Unless the oscillators have exceptional stability, one oscillator must have electronic tuning for phase l ...
Document
... • The differential nonlinearity error is the difference between an actual step width (for an ADC) or step height (for a DAC) and the ideal value of 1 LSB (Least Significant Bit). • If the DNL exceeds 1 LSB, the magnitude of the output gets smaller for an increase in the magnitude of the input. • In ...
... • The differential nonlinearity error is the difference between an actual step width (for an ADC) or step height (for a DAC) and the ideal value of 1 LSB (Least Significant Bit). • If the DNL exceeds 1 LSB, the magnitude of the output gets smaller for an increase in the magnitude of the input. • In ...
6.1 Digital Transmission Systems
... There are three notable advantages to digital transmission that make it extremely attractive to the telecommunication system engineer when compared to its analog Counterpart. Noise does not accumulate on a digital system as it does on an analog system. Noise accumulation stops at each regenerative ...
... There are three notable advantages to digital transmission that make it extremely attractive to the telecommunication system engineer when compared to its analog Counterpart. Noise does not accumulate on a digital system as it does on an analog system. Noise accumulation stops at each regenerative ...
Tutorial questions (random signals)
... the sure event is S = A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H. Each of these events is denoted by some convenient value of the random variable x, as shown in the table in this figure. The assigned values for x may be positive, negative, fractions, or integers as long as they are real numbers. Since all the ev ...
... the sure event is S = A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H. Each of these events is denoted by some convenient value of the random variable x, as shown in the table in this figure. The assigned values for x may be positive, negative, fractions, or integers as long as they are real numbers. Since all the ev ...
High Stability, Low Noise, Push-Push VFO
... The Push-Push VFO presented here operates only at fundamental frequency fo using a transformer at the combined source output. The signal produced by two identical Clapp oscillators has equal frequencies but they are forced 180° out-of-phase by the connection of the transistor drains. As an innovati ...
... The Push-Push VFO presented here operates only at fundamental frequency fo using a transformer at the combined source output. The signal produced by two identical Clapp oscillators has equal frequencies but they are forced 180° out-of-phase by the connection of the transistor drains. As an innovati ...
Electrical noise and transients
... Electrical noise is the result of more or less random electrical signals getting coupled into circuits where they are unwanted, i.e., where they disrupt information-carrying signals. Noise occurs on both power and signal circuits, but generally speaking, it becomes a problem when it gets on signal c ...
... Electrical noise is the result of more or less random electrical signals getting coupled into circuits where they are unwanted, i.e., where they disrupt information-carrying signals. Noise occurs on both power and signal circuits, but generally speaking, it becomes a problem when it gets on signal c ...
docx
... Usage Rules: If Rx_Noise is Usage Out, then the EDA tool shall use the value returned by Rx AMI_Init if Rx AMI_GetWave is not used. If Rx AMI_GetWave is used, then the EDA tool may apply the value returned by each AMI_GetWave call to the waveform returned by that call to AMI_GetWave, or use the aver ...
... Usage Rules: If Rx_Noise is Usage Out, then the EDA tool shall use the value returned by Rx AMI_Init if Rx AMI_GetWave is not used. If Rx AMI_GetWave is used, then the EDA tool may apply the value returned by each AMI_GetWave call to the waveform returned by that call to AMI_GetWave, or use the aver ...
VCO Phase noise
... operate in saturation. The AM noise component is usually 20dB lower than the phase noise component. In the discussion that follows, we will assume that A(t)<<1. Many methods are used to characterize phase noise of an oscillator. Essentially, all methods measure the frequency or phase deviation of t ...
... operate in saturation. The AM noise component is usually 20dB lower than the phase noise component. In the discussion that follows, we will assume that A(t)<<1. Many methods are used to characterize phase noise of an oscillator. Essentially, all methods measure the frequency or phase deviation of t ...
Dither
Dither is an intentionally applied form of noise used to randomize quantization error, preventing large-scale patterns such as color banding in images. Dither is routinely used in processing of both digital audio and video data, and is often one of the last stages of ""mastering"" audio to a CD.A typical use of dither is converting a greyscale image to black and white, such that the density of black dots in the new image approximates the average grey level in the original.