Weighing semantic distinctions
... focal ones in Christian Lehmann’s work in the previous sections. They are organized according to the two fundamental viewpoints of language description, the onomasiological and the semasiological perspective. Onomasiological contributions start from the function(s) of an utterance and look at their ...
... focal ones in Christian Lehmann’s work in the previous sections. They are organized according to the two fundamental viewpoints of language description, the onomasiological and the semasiological perspective. Onomasiological contributions start from the function(s) of an utterance and look at their ...
start with the word “Although” start with a rhetorical question start
... start with the word “One” start with the phrase “We had…” This sentence will… ...
... start with the word “One” start with the phrase “We had…” This sentence will… ...
Linguistic Fundamentals for Natural Language Processing
... #38 When an inflectional category is marked on multiple elements of sentence or phrase, it is usually considered to belong to one element and to express agreement on the others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 #39 Verbs commonly agree in pe ...
... #38 When an inflectional category is marked on multiple elements of sentence or phrase, it is usually considered to belong to one element and to express agreement on the others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 #39 Verbs commonly agree in pe ...
The Uralic languages - Fennia - International Journal of Geography
... guages, circa 1,000 B.C.E. (Korhonen 1981: 27; Rédei 2000). According to the most recent studies, the proto-languages in the Uralic branch have a longer history. For example, the break-up of Proto-Finno-Saami is now dated to circa 2,500 B.C.E. (Sammallahti 1998: 33; cf. Koivulehto 1999b). The struct ...
... guages, circa 1,000 B.C.E. (Korhonen 1981: 27; Rédei 2000). According to the most recent studies, the proto-languages in the Uralic branch have a longer history. For example, the break-up of Proto-Finno-Saami is now dated to circa 2,500 B.C.E. (Sammallahti 1998: 33; cf. Koivulehto 1999b). The struct ...
Music 231 Small Structures: Cadences, Phrases and Periods
... The plagal cadence is rarely used in a structural way. It almost always is found after the end of a period (usually after the last period of the piece), and acts as an extension (a tag) to that period or the part which it ends. More about phrases and sub-phrases The word "phrase" here applies to the ...
... The plagal cadence is rarely used in a structural way. It almost always is found after the end of a period (usually after the last period of the piece), and acts as an extension (a tag) to that period or the part which it ends. More about phrases and sub-phrases The word "phrase" here applies to the ...
YOUR NAME HERE - UGA CS home page
... the most part, the act of placing a document online is largely akin to placing a new book onto a bookshelf with only a vague title to guide a reader to the information. The natural and intuitive ability of humans to understand language, in both written and spoken form, comes from the knowledge of th ...
... the most part, the act of placing a document online is largely akin to placing a new book onto a bookshelf with only a vague title to guide a reader to the information. The natural and intuitive ability of humans to understand language, in both written and spoken form, comes from the knowledge of th ...
Exercise : Faulty Parallelism
... Lacking parallelism: (unbalanced) The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and down the alley he sprinted. Parallel: The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and sprinted down the alley. ...
... Lacking parallelism: (unbalanced) The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and down the alley he sprinted. Parallel: The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and sprinted down the alley. ...
... Nowthe categorial grammars of the kind studied by Ajdukiewicz and Bar-Hillel, CG(AB) are weaklyequivalent to CFGs.CGsin general are, of course, lexicalized by definition. It is also easy to show that CG(AB)scannot lexicalize CFGs(ignoring, for now, the question relabeling the nodes). As we have obse ...
A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF NONCANONICAL WORD ORDER
... languages display a greater susceptibility to the said requirements than analytic languages; however, this difference seems to be unduly misinterpreted when it comes to translation from a synthetical to analytic language. For example, translations from Lithuanian into English are not always marked r ...
... languages display a greater susceptibility to the said requirements than analytic languages; however, this difference seems to be unduly misinterpreted when it comes to translation from a synthetical to analytic language. For example, translations from Lithuanian into English are not always marked r ...
Appositive Phrases
... to music. (The appositive phrase is underlined.) An essential appositive make the meaning of a sentence clear. The abolitionist Child wrote to end slavery. [Child identifies which ...
... to music. (The appositive phrase is underlined.) An essential appositive make the meaning of a sentence clear. The abolitionist Child wrote to end slavery. [Child identifies which ...
here
... we obtain both a specialized negative marker and a non-Imperative verb. This is illustrated in (4). The general problem is why languages have at least four prohibitive strategies. The part of the problem addressed in the paper is why languages often have specialized prohibitive negations (§ 3) and w ...
... we obtain both a specialized negative marker and a non-Imperative verb. This is illustrated in (4). The general problem is why languages have at least four prohibitive strategies. The part of the problem addressed in the paper is why languages often have specialized prohibitive negations (§ 3) and w ...
Navajo Coordination - Swarthmore College
... postpositional phrases, and postpositions. Other conjunctions are less versatile. Conjunctions differ in other ways. For example, l¢i’ can be used as a determiner or as a conjunction. Other conjunctions cannot do this, but some can only appear between two clauses while others can additionally appear ...
... postpositional phrases, and postpositions. Other conjunctions are less versatile. Conjunctions differ in other ways. For example, l¢i’ can be used as a determiner or as a conjunction. Other conjunctions cannot do this, but some can only appear between two clauses while others can additionally appear ...
On Syntactic Functions
... The PHRASE. Identifying phrases He paid the bill for us. (direct +indirect object) He spared for her the trouble of going there. (direct +indirect object) She passed the salt to me/She passed me the salt. (direct +indirect object) I gave a bunch of flowers to my friend./I gave my friend a bunch of ...
... The PHRASE. Identifying phrases He paid the bill for us. (direct +indirect object) He spared for her the trouble of going there. (direct +indirect object) She passed the salt to me/She passed me the salt. (direct +indirect object) I gave a bunch of flowers to my friend./I gave my friend a bunch of ...
Squibs and Discussions: Storing Logical Form in a Shared
... of the subtrees 6 and 22 using a VP rule. When the new constituent in the parse stack has the same state vertex on its left and right as the item already stored in the forest, the alternative parse is added to the list of possible children for the already stored constituent. Note that nodes which ne ...
... of the subtrees 6 and 22 using a VP rule. When the new constituent in the parse stack has the same state vertex on its left and right as the item already stored in the forest, the alternative parse is added to the list of possible children for the already stored constituent. Note that nodes which ne ...
An Introduction to Cognitive Grammar RONALD
... simply its domain (or each domain in a complex matrix). Its profile is a substructure elevated to a special level of prominence within the base, namely that substructure which the expression “designates.“’ Some examples are sketched in Figure 3, with the profile given in boldface. The base (or domai ...
... simply its domain (or each domain in a complex matrix). Its profile is a substructure elevated to a special level of prominence within the base, namely that substructure which the expression “designates.“’ Some examples are sketched in Figure 3, with the profile given in boldface. The base (or domai ...
Syntactic Analysis of Natural Language
... the question and to answer the question has a shortened form to formulate and to answer the question. The elements which are absent in £' can be shown to be zero occurrences of the words which satisfy the corre sponding elements of £. Shortened forms £i' C£2' can also be obtained by the above rule: ...
... the question and to answer the question has a shortened form to formulate and to answer the question. The elements which are absent in £' can be shown to be zero occurrences of the words which satisfy the corre sponding elements of £. Shortened forms £i' C£2' can also be obtained by the above rule: ...
Lecture 17: Existential Sentences in Chinese: Syntax and Semantics
... ‘predicate’ phrases that often occur in existential sentences of various kinds (e.g. the optional “Coda” in English there-sentences like There are three answers (in the back of the book).) Even the classification of sentences is not always clear, and there are not clear-cut criteria for what should ...
... ‘predicate’ phrases that often occur in existential sentences of various kinds (e.g. the optional “Coda” in English there-sentences like There are three answers (in the back of the book).) Even the classification of sentences is not always clear, and there are not clear-cut criteria for what should ...
Verbs Llevar and Tener - Departament de Filologia Catalana
... llevar, which is not displayed by the one analyzed in (21), is its impossibility to appear in sentences in past tense and perfect aspect, like those in (19). In order to account for this peculiarity we will assume recent theories on tense and aspect such as the ones developed by Zagona 1995, Stowell ...
... llevar, which is not displayed by the one analyzed in (21), is its impossibility to appear in sentences in past tense and perfect aspect, like those in (19). In order to account for this peculiarity we will assume recent theories on tense and aspect such as the ones developed by Zagona 1995, Stowell ...
What is Syntax? - Columbia University
... dogs, green dogs, black dogs, and white dogs are all at a dog party! – I do not • But individual words can’t always appear before verbs: – *little are going… – *blue are… – *and are • Must be able to state generalizations like: – Noun phrases occur before verbs ...
... dogs, green dogs, black dogs, and white dogs are all at a dog party! – I do not • But individual words can’t always appear before verbs: – *little are going… – *blue are… – *and are • Must be able to state generalizations like: – Noun phrases occur before verbs ...
Referentiality in Spanish CPs Abstract: In this paper, we discuss the
... discussed in Plann 1982. We argue for the existence of (at least) two distinct CP layers (following previous work by Lahiri (2002) Demonte & FernándezSoriano (2009), and Suñer (1991, 1993)). Following Suñer (1991, 1993), we argue that there are two semantically distinct classes of embedded clauses, ...
... discussed in Plann 1982. We argue for the existence of (at least) two distinct CP layers (following previous work by Lahiri (2002) Demonte & FernándezSoriano (2009), and Suñer (1991, 1993)). Following Suñer (1991, 1993), we argue that there are two semantically distinct classes of embedded clauses, ...
On Partial Control and Parasitic PC Effects
... simultaneously checking PRO’s null Case (Case being a reflex of φ-features on T). Agree2 is established between matrix F (T/v) and a lexical DP and Agree3 obtains between F and PRO. This licenses the EC reading and control understood as an indirect φ-feature sharing between the controller and PRO me ...
... simultaneously checking PRO’s null Case (Case being a reflex of φ-features on T). Agree2 is established between matrix F (T/v) and a lexical DP and Agree3 obtains between F and PRO. This licenses the EC reading and control understood as an indirect φ-feature sharing between the controller and PRO me ...
On two hypotheses concerning psycholinguistics
... that way.^ To take a simple example, in the LG and in the CG, Pronominalization must follow Passivization, in order that an abstract structure of the form "John killed John" may be converted into the grammatical "John was killed by himself" rather than into the ungrammatical "^Himself was killed by ...
... that way.^ To take a simple example, in the LG and in the CG, Pronominalization must follow Passivization, in order that an abstract structure of the form "John killed John" may be converted into the grammatical "John was killed by himself" rather than into the ungrammatical "^Himself was killed by ...
On the Reciprocal in Ndebele - Nordic Journal of African Studies
... On the Reciprocal in Ndebele and an active lexical component, that is, the argument structure, the functional structure and the constituent structure. It must be stated that morphological complexity in the verbs played a pivotal role in motivating derivational accounts of sentence relatedness (cf. ...
... On the Reciprocal in Ndebele and an active lexical component, that is, the argument structure, the functional structure and the constituent structure. It must be stated that morphological complexity in the verbs played a pivotal role in motivating derivational accounts of sentence relatedness (cf. ...
Constraining XP Sequences
... omitted, as shown by the ungrammaticality of (6b). And, finally, though phonologically null tense formatives do exist, the omission of the future tense marker -tla- in (3c) is not allowed. In other words, the order of formatives seen in the simple IP structure in (2a) holds also in these "compound t ...
... omitted, as shown by the ungrammaticality of (6b). And, finally, though phonologically null tense formatives do exist, the omission of the future tense marker -tla- in (3c) is not allowed. In other words, the order of formatives seen in the simple IP structure in (2a) holds also in these "compound t ...
The Reduced Relative Clause: A Misnomer?
... with the time referred to by the matrix verb. Unreduced relatives can only be interpreted „deictically‟. This is why sentences such as (9b) and (9d) are perfectly acceptable. Relative to the moment of speaking „the people‟ must „have been living‟ while simultaneously „being dead‟. These two events d ...
... with the time referred to by the matrix verb. Unreduced relatives can only be interpreted „deictically‟. This is why sentences such as (9b) and (9d) are perfectly acceptable. Relative to the moment of speaking „the people‟ must „have been living‟ while simultaneously „being dead‟. These two events d ...
Antisymmetry
In linguistics, antisymmetry is a theory of syntactic linearization presented in Richard Kayne's 1994 monograph The Antisymmetry of Syntax. The crux of this theory is that hierarchical structure in natural language maps universally onto a particular surface linearization, namely specifier-head-complement branching order. The theory derives a version of X-bar theory. Kayne hypothesizes that all phrases whose surface order is not specifier-head-complement have undergone movements that disrupt this underlying order. Subsequently, there have also been attempts at deriving specifier-complement-head as the basic word order.Antisymmetry as a principle of word order is reliant on assumptions that many theories of syntax dispute, e.g. constituency structure (as opposed to dependency structure), X-bar notions such as specifier and complement, and the existence of ordering altering mechanisms such as movement and/or copying.