1824 - Lunar and Planetary Institute
... flexed ice shell). Even with this small amount of radiogenic heat flux, the deep ocean will convect vigorously, with Rayleigh numbers in the vicinity of 1020 and Nusselt numbers near 106. Convection theory tells us that under these conditions the super-adiabatic temperature difference between the to ...
... flexed ice shell). Even with this small amount of radiogenic heat flux, the deep ocean will convect vigorously, with Rayleigh numbers in the vicinity of 1020 and Nusselt numbers near 106. Convection theory tells us that under these conditions the super-adiabatic temperature difference between the to ...
Surface currents: See the map in your main notes for the surface
... Upwelling: Where water from the deep sea travels up to the surface, from a depth of about 200-300m. Upwelling often happens where wind blows along a coastline and Ekman transport causes the water at the ocean surface to move away from the coast. Water from deeper in the ocean rises up and takes the ...
... Upwelling: Where water from the deep sea travels up to the surface, from a depth of about 200-300m. Upwelling often happens where wind blows along a coastline and Ekman transport causes the water at the ocean surface to move away from the coast. Water from deeper in the ocean rises up and takes the ...
Seasonal changes in Iron species and soluble Iron
... degree of Fe dissolution is influenced by the magnitude of anthropogenic activity, such as fossil fuel combustion. The fitting of XAFS spectra coupled with micro Xray fluorescence analysis (XRF) determined the main Fe species in aerosols in Tsukuba to be illite, ferrihydrite, hornblende, and Fe(III) ...
... degree of Fe dissolution is influenced by the magnitude of anthropogenic activity, such as fossil fuel combustion. The fitting of XAFS spectra coupled with micro Xray fluorescence analysis (XRF) determined the main Fe species in aerosols in Tsukuba to be illite, ferrihydrite, hornblende, and Fe(III) ...
Oceanic and Coastal Remote Sensing
... Professor, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan, b0211@mail.ntou.edu.tw. ...
... Professor, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan, b0211@mail.ntou.edu.tw. ...
Chapter 5 – Sea/Air Interactions
... The ENSO is the most prominent of these oscillations and is characterized by an anomalous warming and cooling of the central-eastern equatorial Pacific. The warm phase is called El Niño and the cold, La Niña. During El Niño events, a weakening of the Pacific trade winds decreases the upwelling of co ...
... The ENSO is the most prominent of these oscillations and is characterized by an anomalous warming and cooling of the central-eastern equatorial Pacific. The warm phase is called El Niño and the cold, La Niña. During El Niño events, a weakening of the Pacific trade winds decreases the upwelling of co ...
Big Als Big Oceans
... • Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. • Marine biology is of great importance because marine flora and fauna play large role in the oxygen cycle. Ocean water can undergo photolysis and introduce O2 into the atmosphere. • As we ...
... • Marine biology is the scientific study of organisms in the ocean or other marine or brackish bodies of water. • Marine biology is of great importance because marine flora and fauna play large role in the oxygen cycle. Ocean water can undergo photolysis and introduce O2 into the atmosphere. • As we ...
The power of plankton
... warmer. Water becomes less dense as it warms and is more likely to float without mixing with the cold, nutrient-rich waters below. The warm top layer of these stratified waters therefore contained reduced nutrients, reduced phytoplankton growth, and diminished pumping to the deep sea. As our climate ...
... warmer. Water becomes less dense as it warms and is more likely to float without mixing with the cold, nutrient-rich waters below. The warm top layer of these stratified waters therefore contained reduced nutrients, reduced phytoplankton growth, and diminished pumping to the deep sea. As our climate ...
Document
... When plants and animals die, most of their bodies are decomposed and carbon atoms are returned to the atmosphere. ...
... When plants and animals die, most of their bodies are decomposed and carbon atoms are returned to the atmosphere. ...
Chapter 17: Plate Tectonics
... b) Wegner studied South America and Africa 2. Like fossils and minerals a) similar plant fossils were found on the east coast of S. America and the west coast of Africa b) diamonds and other similar minerals are found on east coast of S. America and the west coast of Africa 3. Evidence of past glaci ...
... b) Wegner studied South America and Africa 2. Like fossils and minerals a) similar plant fossils were found on the east coast of S. America and the west coast of Africa b) diamonds and other similar minerals are found on east coast of S. America and the west coast of Africa 3. Evidence of past glaci ...
Theory of Plate Tectonics
... called convergent boundaries. Plates only move a few centimeters each year, so collisions are very slow and last millions of years. Even though plate collisions take a long time, lots of interesting things happen. Two continental plates collided to form the Himalaya Mountains. ...
... called convergent boundaries. Plates only move a few centimeters each year, so collisions are very slow and last millions of years. Even though plate collisions take a long time, lots of interesting things happen. Two continental plates collided to form the Himalaya Mountains. ...
File
... A team of university scientists using a mini research submarine on a NOAA-funded research cruise has discovered, photographed, and sampled what appears to be a new species of centipede-like worms living on and within mounds of methane ice on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico, about 150 miles south of ...
... A team of university scientists using a mini research submarine on a NOAA-funded research cruise has discovered, photographed, and sampled what appears to be a new species of centipede-like worms living on and within mounds of methane ice on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico, about 150 miles south of ...
As major offshore player, drilling industry must
... well as its continued economic use. Many policy, practical and public reputation aspects of the offshore oil and gas industry are now affected, if not dominated, by environmental concerns. These issues are affecting all industries that use ocean space and resources, e.g., fisheries, shipping, aquacu ...
... well as its continued economic use. Many policy, practical and public reputation aspects of the offshore oil and gas industry are now affected, if not dominated, by environmental concerns. These issues are affecting all industries that use ocean space and resources, e.g., fisheries, shipping, aquacu ...
Vocabulary Review Summary of Key Ideas
... 23.2 A continental margin (the underwater edge of a continent) can be active or passive, depending where it lies in relation to a subduction zone or ...
... 23.2 A continental margin (the underwater edge of a continent) can be active or passive, depending where it lies in relation to a subduction zone or ...
CarbonCycle
... The ultimate removal of carbon from the climate system is an extremely slow process. In nature this is balanced by the slow injection of carbon into the atmosphere by volcanoes and outgassing near mid ocean ridges. When humans bring carbon in the form of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil) to the ...
... The ultimate removal of carbon from the climate system is an extremely slow process. In nature this is balanced by the slow injection of carbon into the atmosphere by volcanoes and outgassing near mid ocean ridges. When humans bring carbon in the form of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil) to the ...
“OCEAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”
... social benefits, we derive from ocean resources. The opportunity to enjoy ocean’s plentiful bounty is very essential to our health and well being. However, there is insufficient amount of planning associated between the government and nonprofit organizations who are working in this aspect. If we wan ...
... social benefits, we derive from ocean resources. The opportunity to enjoy ocean’s plentiful bounty is very essential to our health and well being. However, there is insufficient amount of planning associated between the government and nonprofit organizations who are working in this aspect. If we wan ...
B1_Proshutinsky_IBO
... NOAA activities for the second half of the IPY period NOAA activities in response to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment MOTIVATION: ...
... NOAA activities for the second half of the IPY period NOAA activities in response to the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment MOTIVATION: ...
Climate Change and European Marine Ecosystem Research
... thickness with declines in extent averaging 11% per decade over the last 30 years, with a possible recent acceleration. Since 1980, the ice thickness has reduced by almost a half to 1.75 m in 2008 and old multiyear ice is now found only to the north of Greenland. In Greenland, warming has occurred a ...
... thickness with declines in extent averaging 11% per decade over the last 30 years, with a possible recent acceleration. Since 1980, the ice thickness has reduced by almost a half to 1.75 m in 2008 and old multiyear ice is now found only to the north of Greenland. In Greenland, warming has occurred a ...
SEMESTER AT SEA COURSE SYLLABUS
... rises, trenches and fracture zones; paleoceanography and the origin, distribution, and historical record of seafloor sediments; climate change and its driving forces; marine mineral and energy resources including the origin and distribution of petroleum and impacts of extraction, transportation, and ...
... rises, trenches and fracture zones; paleoceanography and the origin, distribution, and historical record of seafloor sediments; climate change and its driving forces; marine mineral and energy resources including the origin and distribution of petroleum and impacts of extraction, transportation, and ...
Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics Part 1 Multiple Choice
... a. He could not explain the mechanism for movement of the continents b. Too many scientists already came up with the same theory c. All of his evidence turned out to be fake 25. Which two mountain ranges are nearly identical in age, size, rock type and sequence of deposition? a. Himalayas and Andes ...
... a. He could not explain the mechanism for movement of the continents b. Too many scientists already came up with the same theory c. All of his evidence turned out to be fake 25. Which two mountain ranges are nearly identical in age, size, rock type and sequence of deposition? a. Himalayas and Andes ...
- cK-12
... a) Magma rises beneath the continent. b) The continent becomes thinner. c) The continent undergoes faulting and splits. d) All of the above. ...
... a) Magma rises beneath the continent. b) The continent becomes thinner. c) The continent undergoes faulting and splits. d) All of the above. ...
contents - Less Stress More Success
... ● It happened at a subduction zone where the Indian plate sinks under the Eurasian plate. ● An estimated 1600 km of the jammed plates/faultline slipped in two stages, each stage causing a continuous slip along the faultline and massive earthquakes at a depth of 30 km beneath the sea bed. ● The large ...
... ● It happened at a subduction zone where the Indian plate sinks under the Eurasian plate. ● An estimated 1600 km of the jammed plates/faultline slipped in two stages, each stage causing a continuous slip along the faultline and massive earthquakes at a depth of 30 km beneath the sea bed. ● The large ...
The oceans are a connected system.
... The elements that make up salts are found in rocks and minerals. Over time, rain and rivers wash some of these elements into the sea. The elements that make up salts also enter the ocean when underwater volcanoes erupt. Natural processes also remove salt from the ocean. Because salt is added as well ...
... The elements that make up salts are found in rocks and minerals. Over time, rain and rivers wash some of these elements into the sea. The elements that make up salts also enter the ocean when underwater volcanoes erupt. Natural processes also remove salt from the ocean. Because salt is added as well ...
Earth`s Oceans
... • About four and a half billion years ago, the Earth was a very different place. There were no oceans. Volcanoes spewed lava, ash, and gases all over the planet, which was much hotter than it is today. The volcanic gases, including water vapor, began to form the Earth’s atmosphere. While the atmosph ...
... • About four and a half billion years ago, the Earth was a very different place. There were no oceans. Volcanoes spewed lava, ash, and gases all over the planet, which was much hotter than it is today. The volcanic gases, including water vapor, began to form the Earth’s atmosphere. While the atmosph ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.