chapter3
... within the biosphere, and gravity. 2. Some organisms produce the nutrients they need, others survive by consuming other organisms, and some recycle nutrients back to producer organisms. 3. Human activities are altering the flow of energy through food chains and webs and the cycling of nutrients with ...
... within the biosphere, and gravity. 2. Some organisms produce the nutrients they need, others survive by consuming other organisms, and some recycle nutrients back to producer organisms. 3. Human activities are altering the flow of energy through food chains and webs and the cycling of nutrients with ...
Plate Boundaries and Interplate Relationships
... labeledBack Arc (Marginal) Basin. Back arc basins are formed by minor convection cells above subduction zones. Divergent plate boundaries always create new ocean floor (that is, new mafic oceanic lithosphere, called the Ophiolite Suite) when magma oozes into the crack as plates separate. The implica ...
... labeledBack Arc (Marginal) Basin. Back arc basins are formed by minor convection cells above subduction zones. Divergent plate boundaries always create new ocean floor (that is, new mafic oceanic lithosphere, called the Ophiolite Suite) when magma oozes into the crack as plates separate. The implica ...
Plate Tectonics and Deformation of the Crust
... in Africa and South America provided one of the earliest clues to a former connection between the two continents. Mesosaurus was a freshwater species and so clearly incapable of a transatlantic swim. ...
... in Africa and South America provided one of the earliest clues to a former connection between the two continents. Mesosaurus was a freshwater species and so clearly incapable of a transatlantic swim. ...
Analysis of Equatorial Currents Observed by Eastern Indian Ocean
... mixed layer (Fig. 3) induced by strong eastward surface transports (Schott and McCreary, 2001). The jet reached a depth of 80 m in the east but a depth of only 50 m in the west. Another weaker eastward current with a maximum speed of 0.5 m s–1 is seen below the WJ (at a depth of 90 m to 150 m) from ...
... mixed layer (Fig. 3) induced by strong eastward surface transports (Schott and McCreary, 2001). The jet reached a depth of 80 m in the east but a depth of only 50 m in the west. Another weaker eastward current with a maximum speed of 0.5 m s–1 is seen below the WJ (at a depth of 90 m to 150 m) from ...
Plate Tectonics
... magnetism remains in the rocks. Scientist discovered that the Earth’s magnetic poles reverse themselves from time to time. Studies show that during the past 3.5 million years, the magnetic poles have reversed themselves nine times. The pattern is identical on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge. A str ...
... magnetism remains in the rocks. Scientist discovered that the Earth’s magnetic poles reverse themselves from time to time. Studies show that during the past 3.5 million years, the magnetic poles have reversed themselves nine times. The pattern is identical on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge. A str ...
Thresholds and Closing Windows
... s decision makers approach COP-21 in Paris, it is vital that we comprehend the very great risks posed by the irreversible cryosphere thresholds outlined in this Report. Its main message: current “intended contributions,” or INDCs will not prevent our crossing into this zone of irreversibility. This ...
... s decision makers approach COP-21 in Paris, it is vital that we comprehend the very great risks posed by the irreversible cryosphere thresholds outlined in this Report. Its main message: current “intended contributions,” or INDCs will not prevent our crossing into this zone of irreversibility. This ...
Impact of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on Ocean
... find a small negative correlation between H and q. We suggest that this is due to methodological differences. In particular, Geoffroy et al. [2013b] include the ocean mixed layer, the atmosphere, and the land domain in the upper layer of the EBM, while here we have focused on the ocean domain. We al ...
... find a small negative correlation between H and q. We suggest that this is due to methodological differences. In particular, Geoffroy et al. [2013b] include the ocean mixed layer, the atmosphere, and the land domain in the upper layer of the EBM, while here we have focused on the ocean domain. We al ...
Chapter 3 Notes - Todd S. Thuma Homepage
... 1) Thinner, denser crust moves beneath less dense layer a) Pressure makes leading edge even denser b) Gravity pulls edge deeper causes earthquakes as it moves deeper c) Crust mixes with mantle down to core resorbed 2) Volcanoes form continental crust at convergence downstream of subduction a) ...
... 1) Thinner, denser crust moves beneath less dense layer a) Pressure makes leading edge even denser b) Gravity pulls edge deeper causes earthquakes as it moves deeper c) Crust mixes with mantle down to core resorbed 2) Volcanoes form continental crust at convergence downstream of subduction a) ...
Chapter 31
... Salinity restricts the life that inhabits the ocean. Many marine species are osmoconformers. Density is directly proportional to salinity: more salt, greater density. Additional information: http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/slides/climate/weathering/index.html PRESSURE The average ocean depth i ...
... Salinity restricts the life that inhabits the ocean. Many marine species are osmoconformers. Density is directly proportional to salinity: more salt, greater density. Additional information: http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/slides/climate/weathering/index.html PRESSURE The average ocean depth i ...
GEO/OC 103 Exploring the Deep… Lab 7
... Because phytoplankton release oxygen during photosynthesis, they also play a significant role in maintaining the proper balance of Earth’s atmospheric gases. Phytoplankton produce about half of the world’s oxygen and, in doing so, remove large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Given the ...
... Because phytoplankton release oxygen during photosynthesis, they also play a significant role in maintaining the proper balance of Earth’s atmospheric gases. Phytoplankton produce about half of the world’s oxygen and, in doing so, remove large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Given the ...
Amundsen - The Journal of Ocean Technology
... scientific mandate. Built in 1979 at the Burrard Dry Docks in British Columbia, the ship was originally known as the CCGS Sir John Franklin. In June 2002, a proposal submitted by a consortium of Canadian universities and federal agencies to transform the decommissioned Sir John Franklin into a state ...
... scientific mandate. Built in 1979 at the Burrard Dry Docks in British Columbia, the ship was originally known as the CCGS Sir John Franklin. In June 2002, a proposal submitted by a consortium of Canadian universities and federal agencies to transform the decommissioned Sir John Franklin into a state ...
����� The ORION Education Plan
... sponsored by the American Meteorological Society. Future newsletter articles will focus on these efforts and others that involve the use of real and near-real time data in the geosciences. In our review, we will also examine the wealth of resources developed by educators at various marine laboratorie ...
... sponsored by the American Meteorological Society. Future newsletter articles will focus on these efforts and others that involve the use of real and near-real time data in the geosciences. In our review, we will also examine the wealth of resources developed by educators at various marine laboratorie ...
Bellringer: Oceans are not just places… The Water Planet
... • Sea floor sediments may be either terrigenous or pelagic • Terrigenous sediments are land-derived sediments that have found their way to the sea floor ...
... • Sea floor sediments may be either terrigenous or pelagic • Terrigenous sediments are land-derived sediments that have found their way to the sea floor ...
English - Global Environment Facility
... essentially represent a global commons which contain ecosystems with rich marine resources and biodiversity of significant ecological, socioeconomic, and cultural importance. These areas – the high seas and the international seabed area - and their resources are subject to increasing impacts from on ...
... essentially represent a global commons which contain ecosystems with rich marine resources and biodiversity of significant ecological, socioeconomic, and cultural importance. These areas – the high seas and the international seabed area - and their resources are subject to increasing impacts from on ...
Topic 2 notes - WordPress.com
... Acids can be neutralised by alkalis. This is called a neutralisation reaction Some crops don’t grow well if the soil is too acidic to reduce acidity of the soil, farmers can spray alkalis such as calcium carbonate, calcium oxide or calcium oxide over their fields Calcium carbonate can be used to re ...
... Acids can be neutralised by alkalis. This is called a neutralisation reaction Some crops don’t grow well if the soil is too acidic to reduce acidity of the soil, farmers can spray alkalis such as calcium carbonate, calcium oxide or calcium oxide over their fields Calcium carbonate can be used to re ...
C1 – Topic 2 notes - ARK Elvin Academy
... Acids can be neutralised by alkalis. This is called a neutralisation reaction Some crops don’t grow well if the soil is too acidic to reduce acidity of the soil, farmers can spray alkalis such as calcium carbonate, calcium oxide or calcium oxide over their fields Calcium carbonate can be used to re ...
... Acids can be neutralised by alkalis. This is called a neutralisation reaction Some crops don’t grow well if the soil is too acidic to reduce acidity of the soil, farmers can spray alkalis such as calcium carbonate, calcium oxide or calcium oxide over their fields Calcium carbonate can be used to re ...
Summary Report of the first training workshop
... northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Therefore, ocean acidification coupled with elevated levels of SST may threaten 66 coral species and 317 marine molluscs biodiversity of Bangladesh by hampering the process of reef/shell formation, i.e. calcification. In consequence, numerous reef-based organisms, ...
... northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Therefore, ocean acidification coupled with elevated levels of SST may threaten 66 coral species and 317 marine molluscs biodiversity of Bangladesh by hampering the process of reef/shell formation, i.e. calcification. In consequence, numerous reef-based organisms, ...
Modeling ocean acidification in the California Current System
... (CCS), one of the four major EBUS. A preindustrial simulation was conducted to study the natural carbon chemistry dynamics of this region. Results show that even before anthropogenic CO2 perturbed the carbon chemistry of the CCS, ∼84% of the benthic ecosystems on the continental shelf off northern a ...
... (CCS), one of the four major EBUS. A preindustrial simulation was conducted to study the natural carbon chemistry dynamics of this region. Results show that even before anthropogenic CO2 perturbed the carbon chemistry of the CCS, ∼84% of the benthic ecosystems on the continental shelf off northern a ...
Report
... released by condensing water vapor. The latent heat required for a hurricane’s creation is only possible over warm, tropical oceans during summer.19 Severe hurricanes can produce damaging winds, torrential rainfall, tremendous waves and massive flooding. In an effort to mitigate these destructive ef ...
... released by condensing water vapor. The latent heat required for a hurricane’s creation is only possible over warm, tropical oceans during summer.19 Severe hurricanes can produce damaging winds, torrential rainfall, tremendous waves and massive flooding. In an effort to mitigate these destructive ef ...
Accumulation of Th, Pb, U, and Ra in marine phytoplankton and its
... detail, since critical evaluation of the role of marine organisms in mediating the distribution of these nuclides in surfacewaters requires knowledge of their concentration in the primary producers. The net planllon used for calculating the export fluxes ofthese nuclides out of the euphotic zone wou ...
... detail, since critical evaluation of the role of marine organisms in mediating the distribution of these nuclides in surfacewaters requires knowledge of their concentration in the primary producers. The net planllon used for calculating the export fluxes ofthese nuclides out of the euphotic zone wou ...
Ocean Drilling and Exploring a Heterogeneous Ocean Crust
... understanding the Earth’s geochemical cycle. While the rate of crustal production is significantly larger at the fast‐spreading East Pacific Rise, slow and ultra slow spreading ridges by length are the largest class of ocean ridge, and about half of the extant ocean crust has form ...
... understanding the Earth’s geochemical cycle. While the rate of crustal production is significantly larger at the fast‐spreading East Pacific Rise, slow and ultra slow spreading ridges by length are the largest class of ocean ridge, and about half of the extant ocean crust has form ...
All You Need to Know About Gyres
... Hemisphere, wind from high-pressure systems pass low-pressure systems on the right. This causes the system to swirl counterclockwise. Low-pressure systems usually bring storms. This means that hurricanes and other storms swirl counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere ...
... Hemisphere, wind from high-pressure systems pass low-pressure systems on the right. This causes the system to swirl counterclockwise. Low-pressure systems usually bring storms. This means that hurricanes and other storms swirl counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere ...
CURRICULUM VITAE WILLIAM R. MARTIN Tel:
... Martin, W.R., A.P. McNichol, and D.C. McCorkle (2000). The radiocarbon age of calcite dissolving at the sea floor: Estimates from pore water data. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 1391-1404. Sayles, F., W.R. Martin, Z. Chase, and R.F. Anderson (2001). Benthic remineralization and burial of bioge ...
... Martin, W.R., A.P. McNichol, and D.C. McCorkle (2000). The radiocarbon age of calcite dissolving at the sea floor: Estimates from pore water data. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 1391-1404. Sayles, F., W.R. Martin, Z. Chase, and R.F. Anderson (2001). Benthic remineralization and burial of bioge ...
Plate Boundaries
... O-O Convergent Boundary • When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction zone. • The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench. • The worlds deepest parts of the ocean ar ...
... O-O Convergent Boundary • When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction zone. • The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench. • The worlds deepest parts of the ocean ar ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... partial explanation for the existence of massive phytoplankton blooms that are observed in some polar ecosystems (Smith and Gordon, 1997). That conclusion was based on an analysis of hundreds of data points obtained for protists growing in culture, but studies that have examined the growth rates of ...
... partial explanation for the existence of massive phytoplankton blooms that are observed in some polar ecosystems (Smith and Gordon, 1997). That conclusion was based on an analysis of hundreds of data points obtained for protists growing in culture, but studies that have examined the growth rates of ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.