Coupling between Wind-Driven Currents and Midlatitude Storm Tracks
... and Hurrell 1994), the dominant mechanism for the coupling has not been determined. One of the obstacles in analyzing this process, besides the obvious inadequacy of the observational database on decadal timescales, is that different atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM) respond very differe ...
... and Hurrell 1994), the dominant mechanism for the coupling has not been determined. One of the obstacles in analyzing this process, besides the obvious inadequacy of the observational database on decadal timescales, is that different atmospheric general circulation models (AGCM) respond very differe ...
Plate Tectonics The unifying concept of the Earth sciences. Plate
... Plate Tectonics The unifying concept of the Earth sciences. • The outer portion of the Earth is made up of about 20 distinct “plates” (~ 100 km thick), which move relative to each other • This motion is what causes earthquakes and makes mountain ranges ...
... Plate Tectonics The unifying concept of the Earth sciences. • The outer portion of the Earth is made up of about 20 distinct “plates” (~ 100 km thick), which move relative to each other • This motion is what causes earthquakes and makes mountain ranges ...
The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris
... of plastic debris in the natural environment. Debris is now present on shorelines and at the sea surface from pole to pole [1,2]. It has major environmental impacts and is recognized as one of the key challenges of our century [1–3]. However, despite extensive environmental monitoring, there is litt ...
... of plastic debris in the natural environment. Debris is now present on shorelines and at the sea surface from pole to pole [1,2]. It has major environmental impacts and is recognized as one of the key challenges of our century [1–3]. However, despite extensive environmental monitoring, there is litt ...
The Wonders of the Ocean Floor
... http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Submersible_named_Star_III_in_front_of_Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography.JPG ...
... http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Submersible_named_Star_III_in_front_of_Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography.JPG ...
Evidence
... surface and provides a coherent account of its geological history. This theory is supported by mul(ple evidence streams—for example, the consistent paNerns of earthquake loca(ons, evidence of ocean floor spreading ...
... surface and provides a coherent account of its geological history. This theory is supported by mul(ple evidence streams—for example, the consistent paNerns of earthquake loca(ons, evidence of ocean floor spreading ...
Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I
... island. Some circumpolar syntheses of the ecology of particular habitat types and the consequences of change are also available (e.g. sea-ice habitats – Massom & Stammerjohn, 2010; general – Turner et al., 2009a). In addition, a comprehensive assessment of the biogeography of ASO biota is currently ...
... island. Some circumpolar syntheses of the ecology of particular habitat types and the consequences of change are also available (e.g. sea-ice habitats – Massom & Stammerjohn, 2010; general – Turner et al., 2009a). In addition, a comprehensive assessment of the biogeography of ASO biota is currently ...
Possible outline for a global integrated assessment of the
... This is the text of the Outline as submitted by the Group of Experts to the February 2011 meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole. It does not take account of comments at that meeting or of comments subsequently submitted by States – a revision is in course of preparation. The items numbere ...
... This is the text of the Outline as submitted by the Group of Experts to the February 2011 meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole. It does not take account of comments at that meeting or of comments subsequently submitted by States – a revision is in course of preparation. The items numbere ...
Chair in Ocean Mapping - Ocean Mapping Group
... This research direction aims at establishing the practical limits of monitoring of small scale (decimeter level) seabed change (erosion and deposition). To achieve this level of accuracy requires not only high precision in instrumentation, but also excellent integration. The suite of instruments on ...
... This research direction aims at establishing the practical limits of monitoring of small scale (decimeter level) seabed change (erosion and deposition). To achieve this level of accuracy requires not only high precision in instrumentation, but also excellent integration. The suite of instruments on ...
The Antarctic circumpolar current
... deep. These regions, resulting from ocean/atmosphere exchanges, move with the ACC, surrounding the globe in southern latitudes in 8-9 years. This phenomenon has been called the Antarctic Circumpolar Waves and is believed to have a considerable on influence the weather patterns in southern Australia, ...
... deep. These regions, resulting from ocean/atmosphere exchanges, move with the ACC, surrounding the globe in southern latitudes in 8-9 years. This phenomenon has been called the Antarctic Circumpolar Waves and is believed to have a considerable on influence the weather patterns in southern Australia, ...
Lecture Notes Part 1
... -seawater density increases as water cools -as water cools, H2O molecules pack more closely together (because the molecules are vibrating less at lower temperatures) and take up less volume -the same number of water molecules (same mass) packed into a smaller volume yields higher density (Remember: ...
... -seawater density increases as water cools -as water cools, H2O molecules pack more closely together (because the molecules are vibrating less at lower temperatures) and take up less volume -the same number of water molecules (same mass) packed into a smaller volume yields higher density (Remember: ...
Oceanography - North Stonington Public Schools
... Power Point & Class Discussion Performance Task Activity – Layers of Ocean Water, Oral Assessment ...
... Power Point & Class Discussion Performance Task Activity – Layers of Ocean Water, Oral Assessment ...
PLATE TECTONICS
... consumed in order to maintain a constant volume of oceanic lithosphere. Zones of subduction for over the down-going portion of the asthenospheric convection cells and occur in two different scenarios. In the first, the oceanic lithosphere breaks under compressive forces as the oceanic portion of the ...
... consumed in order to maintain a constant volume of oceanic lithosphere. Zones of subduction for over the down-going portion of the asthenospheric convection cells and occur in two different scenarios. In the first, the oceanic lithosphere breaks under compressive forces as the oceanic portion of the ...
Hess's Geological Revolution
... The mantle was actually composed of a series of convection cells whose boundaries were marked on the surface by ocean ridges and trenches. In an endless cycle, the heated rock in the cells rose toward the surface, then cooled and descended to a depth where it took on more heat and began to ascend ag ...
... The mantle was actually composed of a series of convection cells whose boundaries were marked on the surface by ocean ridges and trenches. In an endless cycle, the heated rock in the cells rose toward the surface, then cooled and descended to a depth where it took on more heat and began to ascend ag ...
The Ocean sciences section functions, activities and work plan
... the beginning, OSS has supported the data-management as a core activity of IOC, which acts as repository of global databases encompassing a broad perspective of the observation of ocean properties in many aspects, including biology. Nowadays, management of marine ecosystems and other complex decisio ...
... the beginning, OSS has supported the data-management as a core activity of IOC, which acts as repository of global databases encompassing a broad perspective of the observation of ocean properties in many aspects, including biology. Nowadays, management of marine ecosystems and other complex decisio ...
Due to warming waters, natural bleaching of corral reefs have taken
... cyanide and dynamite fishing have created destruction and poisonous waters for coral reefs to survive. The loss of coral reefs has a domino effect that is killing millions of species. Due to warming waters, natural bleaching of corral reefs has taken place. The alkalinity of the water has an effect ...
... cyanide and dynamite fishing have created destruction and poisonous waters for coral reefs to survive. The loss of coral reefs has a domino effect that is killing millions of species. Due to warming waters, natural bleaching of corral reefs has taken place. The alkalinity of the water has an effect ...
The Oregon Nearshore Research Inventory project
... such as marine renewable energy development (Lester et al., 2013); it is difficult to make a decision when there is a lack of understanding of the ecological consequences of the action (White et al., 2012). There is a tendency for policy issues to initiate funding for new research (Doremus, 2008), an ...
... such as marine renewable energy development (Lester et al., 2013); it is difficult to make a decision when there is a lack of understanding of the ecological consequences of the action (White et al., 2012). There is a tendency for policy issues to initiate funding for new research (Doremus, 2008), an ...
File - Flipped Out Science with Mrs. Thomas!
... topographic features. In fact, one of the largest mountain ranges in the world is at the bottom of the ocean. This mountain range, the mid-ocean ridge, is made up of two parallel mountain chains separated by a central valley. It is 50,000 kilometers long and an average of 4,500 meters tall. This map ...
... topographic features. In fact, one of the largest mountain ranges in the world is at the bottom of the ocean. This mountain range, the mid-ocean ridge, is made up of two parallel mountain chains separated by a central valley. It is 50,000 kilometers long and an average of 4,500 meters tall. This map ...
JAMSTEC Vision
... and stood motionless, rooted to the spot. I gradually realized that the noise I had heard in the forest belonged to the roar of the sea and the breaking waves. The horizon blended with the sky, clouds, and ocean. Wondering what lay beyond it, my heart raced; I felt breathless. In 2011, almost 60 yea ...
... and stood motionless, rooted to the spot. I gradually realized that the noise I had heard in the forest belonged to the roar of the sea and the breaking waves. The horizon blended with the sky, clouds, and ocean. Wondering what lay beyond it, my heart raced; I felt breathless. In 2011, almost 60 yea ...
Chapter I - Shodhganga
... carbonate mineral ‘calcite’. Aragonite (Mother of Pearl) is a less common biogenic form of CaCO3. Aragonite and calcite are polymorphs of CaCO3, meaning they have different crystal structures but the same chemical composition. Aragonite, although common in the shells of planktonic mollusks (the pter ...
... carbonate mineral ‘calcite’. Aragonite (Mother of Pearl) is a less common biogenic form of CaCO3. Aragonite and calcite are polymorphs of CaCO3, meaning they have different crystal structures but the same chemical composition. Aragonite, although common in the shells of planktonic mollusks (the pter ...
Hotspot Ecosystem Research on Europe`s Deep-Ocean
... quired must be generated in an integrated way that ties research on biodiversity and biological processes intimately to the physical factors that control ecosystems (geology, sedimentology, physical oceanography, biogeochemistry). In addition, it is important to set present-day ecosystems in an hist ...
... quired must be generated in an integrated way that ties research on biodiversity and biological processes intimately to the physical factors that control ecosystems (geology, sedimentology, physical oceanography, biogeochemistry). In addition, it is important to set present-day ecosystems in an hist ...
Antarctic Stratification, Atmospheric Water Vapor, and Heinrich Events
... rate of North Atlantic ventilation is indeed lower in the cold climate simulations [de Boer et al., in review], as one might expect [Toggweiler and Samuels, 1995]. However, in the EOS cold climate simulations, North Atlantic overturning is slightly greater than in the control simulation (Figure 1a). ...
... rate of North Atlantic ventilation is indeed lower in the cold climate simulations [de Boer et al., in review], as one might expect [Toggweiler and Samuels, 1995]. However, in the EOS cold climate simulations, North Atlantic overturning is slightly greater than in the control simulation (Figure 1a). ...
Limitation of egg production in Calanus finmarchicus in the field: A
... the biological pump, by consuming and remineralizing sinking particles, repackaging them into fecal pellets, and by fragmenting them into slower- or non-sinking particles. We characterized the mesopelagic zooplankton community and sinking particle flux at the Hawaii Ocean Time series (HOT) station A ...
... the biological pump, by consuming and remineralizing sinking particles, repackaging them into fecal pellets, and by fragmenting them into slower- or non-sinking particles. We characterized the mesopelagic zooplankton community and sinking particle flux at the Hawaii Ocean Time series (HOT) station A ...
The tilt of mean sea level along the east coast of North America
... Applying the gap statistic to the ocean estimates showed there to be only one cluster. However, there is spatially structured variability within the cluster. From a principal component analysis based on the covariance matrix, we found the first spatial mode (Figure 2b). This mode accounts for 84% of ...
... Applying the gap statistic to the ocean estimates showed there to be only one cluster. However, there is spatially structured variability within the cluster. From a principal component analysis based on the covariance matrix, we found the first spatial mode (Figure 2b). This mode accounts for 84% of ...
GEOTRACES National Reports - Scientific Committee on Oceanic
... in the Australian sector of the Southern Hemisphere has shown that variance in the observed fractional iron solubility is due to a combination of different soluble iron sources including mineral dust and biomass burning emissions. The research investigated differences in atmospheric iron solubility ...
... in the Australian sector of the Southern Hemisphere has shown that variance in the observed fractional iron solubility is due to a combination of different soluble iron sources including mineral dust and biomass burning emissions. The research investigated differences in atmospheric iron solubility ...
On the depth of oceanic earthquakes - Archimer
... fact that radiogenic heating in continental shields is not as concentrated at shallow depths as previously believed, they show that most earthquakes in continental regions are confined to crustal regions cooler than 600°C. The temperature dependence of the mantle thermal conductivity results in deep ...
... fact that radiogenic heating in continental shields is not as concentrated at shallow depths as previously believed, they show that most earthquakes in continental regions are confined to crustal regions cooler than 600°C. The temperature dependence of the mantle thermal conductivity results in deep ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.