Last Glacial Maximum and Afterwards
... reduced, then Antarctic Bottom Water formation rate increases, which in turn means higher ocean to atmosphere heat transfer and warmer temperatures in Antarctica. • Temperature records during Y-D from Antarctic ice cores indicate warming while Greenland cooled. ...
... reduced, then Antarctic Bottom Water formation rate increases, which in turn means higher ocean to atmosphere heat transfer and warmer temperatures in Antarctica. • Temperature records during Y-D from Antarctic ice cores indicate warming while Greenland cooled. ...
result of water vapor
... Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Changes in the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere result from climate feedbacks related to the warming of the atmosphere. As air warms, it is able to hold more water; as a result, more water is taken into the air through ...
... Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Changes in the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere result from climate feedbacks related to the warming of the atmosphere. As air warms, it is able to hold more water; as a result, more water is taken into the air through ...
The Polar Atmosphere: Forecasts from climate and - MNA
... changes (IPCC, 2007) Future climate change simulated by GCMs must be viewed bearing in mind the limitations of these models ...
... changes (IPCC, 2007) Future climate change simulated by GCMs must be viewed bearing in mind the limitations of these models ...
Powerpoint file for Chapter 1 (Introduction)
... Heating trapping (“forcing”) due to variations in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations over the past 45 million years (Ma), as inferred from various lines of geological evidence, compared with the range of GHG forcing projected by 2100 under business as usual scenarios. The last time the forcing or ...
... Heating trapping (“forcing”) due to variations in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations over the past 45 million years (Ma), as inferred from various lines of geological evidence, compared with the range of GHG forcing projected by 2100 under business as usual scenarios. The last time the forcing or ...
The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 2014
... to AR4 in both patterns and magnitude, after accounting for scenario differences. • Projections of global mean sea level rise has increased in confidence since the AR4 because of the improved physical understanding of the components of sea level, the improved agreement of process-based models with o ...
... to AR4 in both patterns and magnitude, after accounting for scenario differences. • Projections of global mean sea level rise has increased in confidence since the AR4 because of the improved physical understanding of the components of sea level, the improved agreement of process-based models with o ...
Antarctic Research Centre Brochure - Victoria University of Wellington
... international debate and policy development on global change issues. The field also provides exciting opportunities and challenges for young researchers. ...
... international debate and policy development on global change issues. The field also provides exciting opportunities and challenges for young researchers. ...
Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010
... (12). The warming of the upper layers of the the incidence of hypoxic and anoxic events. These volume have important implications for sea level ocean also drives greater stratification of the water events are associated with an increased risk of rise, with an overall contribution of up to 12 m to co ...
... (12). The warming of the upper layers of the the incidence of hypoxic and anoxic events. These volume have important implications for sea level ocean also drives greater stratification of the water events are associated with an increased risk of rise, with an overall contribution of up to 12 m to co ...
AllanRP_DEEPC_Reading_2013
... apparent large discrepancy between net radiation and ocean heat content changes ...
... apparent large discrepancy between net radiation and ocean heat content changes ...
Setting the Record Straight - Center for Science in the Earth System
... throughout time. Analysis of ice taken from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets provides a continuous record going back over 600,000 years [IPCC chapter 6]. The air trapped in the ice of cores drilled into the glaciers provides samples of past atmospheric conditions. A vast data bank of oxygen, n ...
... throughout time. Analysis of ice taken from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets provides a continuous record going back over 600,000 years [IPCC chapter 6]. The air trapped in the ice of cores drilled into the glaciers provides samples of past atmospheric conditions. A vast data bank of oxygen, n ...
What is Greenhouse Effect ? Types of Greenhouse gases Global
... no atmosphere, its average surface temperature would be very low of about 18°C rather than the comfortable 15°C found today. The difference in temperature is due to a suite of gases called greenhouse gases which affect the overall energy balance of the Earth's system by absorbing infrared radiat ...
... no atmosphere, its average surface temperature would be very low of about 18°C rather than the comfortable 15°C found today. The difference in temperature is due to a suite of gases called greenhouse gases which affect the overall energy balance of the Earth's system by absorbing infrared radiat ...
Future sea level
The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~3 mm/yr; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable. Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean. On Greenland, the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007. On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75%. Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about −1.8 to −4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about −12 to −14 m in the first decade of the 21st century. From 1961 to 2003, ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving. Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. (2008) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 (favouring the low end of this range). Rahmstorf (2007) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century. Pielke (2008) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far. These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century. However, sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account.