An Economic Analysis of the Kyoto Protocol
... targets lack any scientific or economic foundation. (Nordhaus, 1998). Therefore, the Kyoto Protocol The Protocol stipulates that each Annex I nation rewill not achieve an efficient outcome. duce GHG emissions by an average of 5% from 1990 Perhaps the most fundamental flaw of Kyoto levels. These hist ...
... targets lack any scientific or economic foundation. (Nordhaus, 1998). Therefore, the Kyoto Protocol The Protocol stipulates that each Annex I nation rewill not achieve an efficient outcome. duce GHG emissions by an average of 5% from 1990 Perhaps the most fundamental flaw of Kyoto levels. These hist ...
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... Social Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, E‐Mail: thordis.moeller@agrar.huberlin.de ...
... Social Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, E‐Mail: thordis.moeller@agrar.huberlin.de ...
How does climate change cause extinction?
... caused by climate change. For example, only 20 of 864 species extinctions are considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) [47] to potentially be the result of climate change, either wholly or in part (using the same search criteria as a recent review [9]), and the evidenc ...
... caused by climate change. For example, only 20 of 864 species extinctions are considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) [47] to potentially be the result of climate change, either wholly or in part (using the same search criteria as a recent review [9]), and the evidenc ...
How does climate change cause extinction?
... caused by climate change. For example, only 20 of 864 species extinctions are considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) [47] to potentially be the result of climate change, either wholly or in part (using the same search criteria as a recent review [9]), and the evidenc ...
... caused by climate change. For example, only 20 of 864 species extinctions are considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) [47] to potentially be the result of climate change, either wholly or in part (using the same search criteria as a recent review [9]), and the evidenc ...
Climate Change, Intergenerational Equity, and International Law
... assessments are placed before the international community. In 2007, the IPCC produced its Fourth, and most recent, Assessment. The IPCC concluded that "[w]arming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, wides ...
... assessments are placed before the international community. In 2007, the IPCC produced its Fourth, and most recent, Assessment. The IPCC concluded that "[w]arming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, wides ...
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... outside the scope of the reparative obligation”.4 In other words, since specific impacts of climate change cannot (yet) be attributed to specific emissions of greenhouse gases by polluters, there is no basis for liability claims (yet). Another complexity is the question of which actor should be held ...
... outside the scope of the reparative obligation”.4 In other words, since specific impacts of climate change cannot (yet) be attributed to specific emissions of greenhouse gases by polluters, there is no basis for liability claims (yet). Another complexity is the question of which actor should be held ...
Executive Report
... Arup and with Network Rail, has derived from its research on Tomorrow’s Railway and Climate Change Adaptation. The overall objectives of the research project were to enhance and disseminate knowledge within the GB railway industry about how climate and weather are projected to change in the future, ...
... Arup and with Network Rail, has derived from its research on Tomorrow’s Railway and Climate Change Adaptation. The overall objectives of the research project were to enhance and disseminate knowledge within the GB railway industry about how climate and weather are projected to change in the future, ...
european weather derivatives - Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
... Some countries do not have long enough historical records of the quality of data needed. The data from each country may be provided in a different format. ...
... Some countries do not have long enough historical records of the quality of data needed. The data from each country may be provided in a different format. ...
The Potential Impacts of Climate Change Factors
... years, the potential effect of climate change on water eutrophication is attracting more worldwide recent years, the potential effect of climate change on water eutrophication is attracting more environmental concern. Some recent case studies indicated that climate change’s effects had ...
... years, the potential effect of climate change on water eutrophication is attracting more worldwide recent years, the potential effect of climate change on water eutrophication is attracting more environmental concern. Some recent case studies indicated that climate change’s effects had ...
Current and Projected Climate Change Impacts for the Colorado
... McCabe GJ, Wolock DM. 2015. Increasing Northern Hemisphere water deficit. Climatic Change 132:237–249. Topic: Climate change impacts on precipitation. The Northern Hemisphere water deficit recently (at around the year 2000) increased dramatically coinciding with a recent increase in temperature and ...
... McCabe GJ, Wolock DM. 2015. Increasing Northern Hemisphere water deficit. Climatic Change 132:237–249. Topic: Climate change impacts on precipitation. The Northern Hemisphere water deficit recently (at around the year 2000) increased dramatically coinciding with a recent increase in temperature and ...
Comparison of land-surface humidity between observations and
... in HadISDH to pull out regions where there have been strong or weak changes over the period of the dataset (Sect. 3). We then assess whether the models broadly capture observed features in temperature, specific humidity and relative humidity on the largest temporal and spatial (zonal) scales (Sect. ...
... in HadISDH to pull out regions where there have been strong or weak changes over the period of the dataset (Sect. 3). We then assess whether the models broadly capture observed features in temperature, specific humidity and relative humidity on the largest temporal and spatial (zonal) scales (Sect. ...
pdf proof
... incubation duration and may cause differences in apparent MGE (MGEA ), especially when microbial turnover rates differ between treatments (as in this study, Fig. 2). We modelled the effects of assay duration and temperature on MGEA (Fig. 3a). Assuming an MGEI of 0.72 for all temperatures and microbi ...
... incubation duration and may cause differences in apparent MGE (MGEA ), especially when microbial turnover rates differ between treatments (as in this study, Fig. 2). We modelled the effects of assay duration and temperature on MGEA (Fig. 3a). Assuming an MGEI of 0.72 for all temperatures and microbi ...
Chapter 6 _4_ - Mater Academy of International Studies
... Researchers had to determine whether current warming is part of a natural cycle or whether it is caused by human activity or by astronomical and geological changes. The IPCC report documents that concentrations of carbon dioxide and several other greenhouse gases have increased significantly over th ...
... Researchers had to determine whether current warming is part of a natural cycle or whether it is caused by human activity or by astronomical and geological changes. The IPCC report documents that concentrations of carbon dioxide and several other greenhouse gases have increased significantly over th ...
LCCARl405_en.pdf
... affected by indirect environmental changes in water availability, biodiversity loss, reductions in agricultural output, the increased frequency and intensity of natural hazards, coastal inundation resulting in damage to coastal infrastructure and the increased incidence of vector-borne diseases. The ...
... affected by indirect environmental changes in water availability, biodiversity loss, reductions in agricultural output, the increased frequency and intensity of natural hazards, coastal inundation resulting in damage to coastal infrastructure and the increased incidence of vector-borne diseases. The ...
6.4 Meeting Ecological Challenges
... Researchers had to determine whether current warming is part of a natural cycle or whether it is caused by human activity or by astronomical and geological changes. The IPCC report documents that concentrations of carbon dioxide and several other greenhouse gases have increased significantly over th ...
... Researchers had to determine whether current warming is part of a natural cycle or whether it is caused by human activity or by astronomical and geological changes. The IPCC report documents that concentrations of carbon dioxide and several other greenhouse gases have increased significantly over th ...
Climate Variability, Climate Change and Western Water
... ·flows for the Colorado River at Lee's Ferry and for the Four Rivers index, northern California .............................. 8 Darwin Southern Oscillation Index ....................... follows 10 Change (from 1955-74 to 1975-94) of annual land-surface air temperature and sea surface temperature .. ...
... ·flows for the Colorado River at Lee's Ferry and for the Four Rivers index, northern California .............................. 8 Darwin Southern Oscillation Index ....................... follows 10 Change (from 1955-74 to 1975-94) of annual land-surface air temperature and sea surface temperature .. ...
T w
... statistics based on the 1000-year simulation results (long dataset) events beneath 1300 m depth Literature estimates: measurements collected near the bottom short observational periods (from a few years to a decade) significant variability between the single authors (depending on analyzed events ...
... statistics based on the 1000-year simulation results (long dataset) events beneath 1300 m depth Literature estimates: measurements collected near the bottom short observational periods (from a few years to a decade) significant variability between the single authors (depending on analyzed events ...
Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to
... the terrestrial carbon sink, as far as it is generated by increasing CO2, still has the potential to increase but cannot persist inde®nitely at high strength (King et al. 1997; Cao & Woodward 1998). The eventual decline shown in these simulations has two main causes: on the one hand, the direct phys ...
... the terrestrial carbon sink, as far as it is generated by increasing CO2, still has the potential to increase but cannot persist inde®nitely at high strength (King et al. 1997; Cao & Woodward 1998). The eventual decline shown in these simulations has two main causes: on the one hand, the direct phys ...
Weather, Traffic Accidents, and Climate Change
... traffic fatalities annually (WHO, 2013). In 2006, traffic fatalities were the leading cause of death in the United States for individuals between the ages of 4 and 35 (NHTSA, 2009). Interactions with weather are directly implicated in many of these accidents through a variety of mechanisms. Some mec ...
... traffic fatalities annually (WHO, 2013). In 2006, traffic fatalities were the leading cause of death in the United States for individuals between the ages of 4 and 35 (NHTSA, 2009). Interactions with weather are directly implicated in many of these accidents through a variety of mechanisms. Some mec ...
PETM: A Possible Analog to Modern Climate Change / Methane
... We often hear that a particular season has been the warmest or wettest on record. These temperature and precipitation records are for the instrumental period of record that extends back little more than 150 years, a relatively short time interval in Earth's history. Earth scientists from various fie ...
... We often hear that a particular season has been the warmest or wettest on record. These temperature and precipitation records are for the instrumental period of record that extends back little more than 150 years, a relatively short time interval in Earth's history. Earth scientists from various fie ...
April Cover.qxd - KNAW Research Portal
... and 9.4% in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively (Sarmiento et al. 2004), thereby reducing overall ocean productivity (Behrenfeld et al. 2006). These predictions are surpassed by recent observations, which indicate a much faster expansion of the ocean’s least productive waters over th ...
... and 9.4% in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively (Sarmiento et al. 2004), thereby reducing overall ocean productivity (Behrenfeld et al. 2006). These predictions are surpassed by recent observations, which indicate a much faster expansion of the ocean’s least productive waters over th ...
Printing
... The magnitude of surface ocean warming during this century will be largely determined by the amount of greenhouse gases that will be emitted in the coming decades [25]. To first order, surface ocean temperatures will be warming at a slightly slower rate than the global mean surface air temperatures, ...
... The magnitude of surface ocean warming during this century will be largely determined by the amount of greenhouse gases that will be emitted in the coming decades [25]. To first order, surface ocean temperatures will be warming at a slightly slower rate than the global mean surface air temperatures, ...
Beckage, B., B. Osborne, D. G. Gavin, C. Pucko, T. Siccama
... with distinct boundaries between forest types that facilitate detection of range shifts (Fig. 1) (20, 21). We used historic vegetation plots and remotely sensed data to examine elevational shifts in the distribution of forests in the Green Mountains of Vermont in conjunction with regional climate ch ...
... with distinct boundaries between forest types that facilitate detection of range shifts (Fig. 1) (20, 21). We used historic vegetation plots and remotely sensed data to examine elevational shifts in the distribution of forests in the Green Mountains of Vermont in conjunction with regional climate ch ...
emissions - Alan Robock
... -4backscattered insolation will cool Earth. The amount of cooling depends on the amount of aerosols and how long the aerosol cloud is maintained in the stratosphere. Many negative impacts of global warming are strongly correlated with global average surface air temperature, so it would in theory be ...
... -4backscattered insolation will cool Earth. The amount of cooling depends on the amount of aerosols and how long the aerosol cloud is maintained in the stratosphere. Many negative impacts of global warming are strongly correlated with global average surface air temperature, so it would in theory be ...
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... weather conditions affect crop growth, crop growth models are typically complex and require extensive, detailed information (Walker, 1989), which makes them less applicable in studies with large spatial scales. Compared with crop growth models, regression models have fewer data demands (Horie, Yajim ...
... weather conditions affect crop growth, crop growth models are typically complex and require extensive, detailed information (Walker, 1989), which makes them less applicable in studies with large spatial scales. Compared with crop growth models, regression models have fewer data demands (Horie, Yajim ...
Instrumental temperature record
The instrumental temperature record shows fluctuations of the temperature of earth's climate system. Initially the instrumental temperature record only documented land and sea surface temperature, but in recent decades instruments have also begun recording ocean temperature. Data is collected from thousands of meteorological stations around the globe and through satellite observations. The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series, that starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850.