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Sponges, Cnidarians, and Ctenophores
Sponges, Cnidarians, and Ctenophores

... 1. Sperm of one sponge enters pores of a different sponge 2. Choanocytes engulf the sperm 3. Sperm transferred to ameobcytes 4. Then transferred to egg in mesohyl ...
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Honors Biology - WordPress.com
Honors Biology - WordPress.com

... 2. They can also regenerate. 3. During periods of freezing weather, they produce a gemmule, which is a cluser to cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell. It is much like a cyst and can survive during a long period of inclement weather. When it turns warm again, the gemmule will break open ...
Honors Biology - WordPress.com
Honors Biology - WordPress.com

... 2. They can also regenerate. 3. During periods of freezing weather, they produce a gemmule, which is a cluser to cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell. It is much like a cyst and can survive during a long period of inclement weather. When it turns warm again, the gemmule will break open ...
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Precambrian body plans



Until the late 1950’s, the Precambrian era was not believed to have hosted multicellular organisms. However, with radiometric dating techniques, it has been found that fossils initially found in the Ediacara Hills in Southern Australia date back to the late Precambrian era. These fossils are body impressions of organisms shaped like disks, fronds and some with ribbon patterns that were most likely tentacles.These are the earliest multicellular organisms in Earth’s history, despite the fact that unicellularity had been around for a long time before that. The requirements for multicellularity were embedded in the genes of some of these cells, specifically choanoflagellates. These are thought to be the precursors for all multicellular organisms. They are highly related to sponges (Porifera), which are the simplest multicellular organisms.In order to understand the transition to multicellularity during the Precambrian, it is important to look at the requirements for multicellularity—both biological and environmental.
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