Fatigue and Inhibition
... Even farther removed from such a simple explanation is perceptual learning, and what was called, in Chapter 2, the acquisition of knowledge. It is possible that direct S-R connections may be the explanation of learning in certain lower forms, but it seems that the ordinary learning of mammals must b ...
... Even farther removed from such a simple explanation is perceptual learning, and what was called, in Chapter 2, the acquisition of knowledge. It is possible that direct S-R connections may be the explanation of learning in certain lower forms, but it seems that the ordinary learning of mammals must b ...
Impaired associative learning in schizophrenia: behavioral and
... 1998), increases in single spike discharges may serve to limit the signal transmission efficiency of prefrontal neurons as well as impair the filtering of irrelevant information (Jackson et al. 2004). Conversely, the in vitro application of NMDA and D1 receptor agonists in prefrontal neurons induces ...
... 1998), increases in single spike discharges may serve to limit the signal transmission efficiency of prefrontal neurons as well as impair the filtering of irrelevant information (Jackson et al. 2004). Conversely, the in vitro application of NMDA and D1 receptor agonists in prefrontal neurons induces ...
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... analyzed. More recently, the fruits of these extensive lines of research have made contact with investigations into the neural basis of decision making. Converging evidence now links reinforcement learning to specific neural substrates, assigning them precise computational roles. Specifically, elect ...
... analyzed. More recently, the fruits of these extensive lines of research have made contact with investigations into the neural basis of decision making. Converging evidence now links reinforcement learning to specific neural substrates, assigning them precise computational roles. Specifically, elect ...
Chapter 7 — Learning: How Nurture Changes Us
... conditional stimulus, because the animal’s response to it is conditional (that is, dependent) on learning. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, the CS was usually a metronome (a clicking pendulum that keeps time), although Pavlov also found that tuning forks and whistles did a serviceable job as well. Inci ...
... conditional stimulus, because the animal’s response to it is conditional (that is, dependent) on learning. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, the CS was usually a metronome (a clicking pendulum that keeps time), although Pavlov also found that tuning forks and whistles did a serviceable job as well. Inci ...
Observational Versus Trial and Error Effects in a - FORTH-ICS
... (such that no new action is being learned). In the model, this translates to existing representations for the actions in the affordance/action pairs module, but low weights to the initially less preferred action. We need to add a component of affordances (the contact points) into the action activity g ...
... (such that no new action is being learned). In the model, this translates to existing representations for the actions in the affordance/action pairs module, but low weights to the initially less preferred action. We need to add a component of affordances (the contact points) into the action activity g ...
Rewardguided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus
... accomplished by extinguishing the existing stimulus–reward relationship and substituting it with another. For example, a rat approaching a particular intra-maze cue may learn, during reversal, that it is no longer paired with reward, but that some other stimulus is, resulting in acquiring an approac ...
... accomplished by extinguishing the existing stimulus–reward relationship and substituting it with another. For example, a rat approaching a particular intra-maze cue may learn, during reversal, that it is no longer paired with reward, but that some other stimulus is, resulting in acquiring an approac ...
Hebbian Learning with Winner Take All for
... Where, Δt=(tpre – tpost) is the time delay between the presynaptic spike and the postsynaptic spike. If the presynaptic spike occurs before the postsynaptic spike, it probably helped cause the postsynaptic spike, and consequently we should encourage this by increasing the synaptic weight. And if the ...
... Where, Δt=(tpre – tpost) is the time delay between the presynaptic spike and the postsynaptic spike. If the presynaptic spike occurs before the postsynaptic spike, it probably helped cause the postsynaptic spike, and consequently we should encourage this by increasing the synaptic weight. And if the ...
For the price of a song:
... pitch categories and the relationships between them. With training, listeners of every age can learn to distinguish types of musical intervals from one another and to identify and reproduce melodies from different starting notes, a skill known as “relative pitch” (RP). Far rarer, and virtually unkno ...
... pitch categories and the relationships between them. With training, listeners of every age can learn to distinguish types of musical intervals from one another and to identify and reproduce melodies from different starting notes, a skill known as “relative pitch” (RP). Far rarer, and virtually unkno ...
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... devalued outcome. The test is performed without delivering outcomes (formally, in extinction) to prevent new learning about the value of the outcome during these trials. Outcome devaluation exploits a key distinction between tree search (Fig. 1a) and caching (Fig. 1b). Only tree search enumerates th ...
... devalued outcome. The test is performed without delivering outcomes (formally, in extinction) to prevent new learning about the value of the outcome during these trials. Outcome devaluation exploits a key distinction between tree search (Fig. 1a) and caching (Fig. 1b). Only tree search enumerates th ...
Chapter 6
... opportunity to perform next response • Develops a sequence of behaviors • Usually begin with final response in sequence and work back toward first response ...
... opportunity to perform next response • Develops a sequence of behaviors • Usually begin with final response in sequence and work back toward first response ...
Model-Centered Learning and Instruction
... which occurs not only in classrooms but also in a variety of informal learn____________________________ ...
... which occurs not only in classrooms but also in a variety of informal learn____________________________ ...
Operant vs. Respondent Conditioning
... detect response in order to know when to deliver reinforcement In respondent conditioning, must detect response to know whether conditioning is taking place ...
... detect response in order to know when to deliver reinforcement In respondent conditioning, must detect response to know whether conditioning is taking place ...
Where Do Features Come From?
... The third and most interesting computation that a Boltzmann machine can perform is to update the weights on the connections in such a way that it is probably slightly more likely to generate all of the datavectors in the training set. Although this is a slow process, it is mathematically very simple ...
... The third and most interesting computation that a Boltzmann machine can perform is to update the weights on the connections in such a way that it is probably slightly more likely to generate all of the datavectors in the training set. Although this is a slow process, it is mathematically very simple ...
Ramón y Cajal, 19 th century
... calcium, neurons change their morphology with respect to their axonal and dendritic shape. This leads to changes in neuronal connectivity which, in turn, adapts neuronal activity. The goal is that by these changes neurons achieve a homeostatic equilibrium of their activity. ...
... calcium, neurons change their morphology with respect to their axonal and dendritic shape. This leads to changes in neuronal connectivity which, in turn, adapts neuronal activity. The goal is that by these changes neurons achieve a homeostatic equilibrium of their activity. ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
... Vertebrate Models of Learning • Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus (Cont’d) – LTP, LTD, and Glutamate Receptor Trafficking • Stable synaptic transmission: AMPA receptors are replaced maintaining the same number • LTD and LTP disrupt equilibrium • Bidirectional regulation of phosphorylation ...
... Vertebrate Models of Learning • Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus (Cont’d) – LTP, LTD, and Glutamate Receptor Trafficking • Stable synaptic transmission: AMPA receptors are replaced maintaining the same number • LTD and LTP disrupt equilibrium • Bidirectional regulation of phosphorylation ...
The Role of Dopamine in Locomotor ... 173
... suggest that DA may normally play a role in mediating an animal’s level of responsiveness to sensory stimulation. The apparent sensory neglect probably is not attributable to a motor deficit, i.e. a simple inability to organize a required response. This was shown by in- ...
... suggest that DA may normally play a role in mediating an animal’s level of responsiveness to sensory stimulation. The apparent sensory neglect probably is not attributable to a motor deficit, i.e. a simple inability to organize a required response. This was shown by in- ...
Parallel contributions of distinct human memory systems during
... To expand upon these interactions, it has been proposed that dopamine's role in reward related learning, which has been typically associated with striatal function (for review see Schultz, 2002), also facilitates long term memory formation in humans, which is more traditionally associated with hippo ...
... To expand upon these interactions, it has been proposed that dopamine's role in reward related learning, which has been typically associated with striatal function (for review see Schultz, 2002), also facilitates long term memory formation in humans, which is more traditionally associated with hippo ...
Understanding Learning Culturally: Overcoming the
... philosophy (Beckett and Hager 2002)than social psychology. These approaches broadly adopt an embodied view of learning, and are strongly represented in the literature on workplace learning, with a focus on learning how to do a job and become part of a workplace community, in contrast to the concerns ...
... philosophy (Beckett and Hager 2002)than social psychology. These approaches broadly adopt an embodied view of learning, and are strongly represented in the literature on workplace learning, with a focus on learning how to do a job and become part of a workplace community, in contrast to the concerns ...
KliperEtAl CIP2010
... [12], we attempt instead to learn the structure of the stimulus space by learning a distance function. Specifically, we characterize a neuron by learning a pairwise distance function over the stimulus space that is consistent with the similarities between the responses to different stimuli. A distan ...
... [12], we attempt instead to learn the structure of the stimulus space by learning a distance function. Specifically, we characterize a neuron by learning a pairwise distance function over the stimulus space that is consistent with the similarities between the responses to different stimuli. A distan ...
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... Pavlovian reinforcer devaluation. A procedure in which the conditioned response to a cue is tested after the unconditional stimulus (for example, food) is separately devalued by motivational (for example, inducing satiation with prefeeding) or associative (for example, pairing the food reward with L ...
... Pavlovian reinforcer devaluation. A procedure in which the conditioned response to a cue is tested after the unconditional stimulus (for example, food) is separately devalued by motivational (for example, inducing satiation with prefeeding) or associative (for example, pairing the food reward with L ...
Computational Psychiatry Seminar: Spring 2014 Week 11: The
... Modulators of decision making Factors that affect decisions and learning Needs and desires. The utility curve f should reflect the decision maker’s physiological or economic needs. The utility of any amount exceeding the maximal consumption should also saturate. Thus utility functions often have si ...
... Modulators of decision making Factors that affect decisions and learning Needs and desires. The utility curve f should reflect the decision maker’s physiological or economic needs. The utility of any amount exceeding the maximal consumption should also saturate. Thus utility functions often have si ...
Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and
... interconnections among the most important basal ganglia structures are shown in Figure I. The striatum is a major input structure within the basal ganglia that includes two parallel structures known as the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The striatum receives massive and highly convergent input fro ...
... interconnections among the most important basal ganglia structures are shown in Figure I. The striatum is a major input structure within the basal ganglia that includes two parallel structures known as the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The striatum receives massive and highly convergent input fro ...
Analogical Reasoning: A Core of Cognition
... is crucial to an appropriate use of memory. As every new situation includes a lot of details making it unique and different from previous experiences, a retrieval process making memories usable for that situation heavily relies on analogy. Irrelevant details must be blinded out, old patterns have to ...
... is crucial to an appropriate use of memory. As every new situation includes a lot of details making it unique and different from previous experiences, a retrieval process making memories usable for that situation heavily relies on analogy. Irrelevant details must be blinded out, old patterns have to ...
Statistical learning as a domain-general mechanism of entrenchment
... nuous stream of speech (Saffran et al., 1996a) and to the formation of chunks including frequently co-occurring non-adjacent morphemes (Gómez, 2002), along with other linguistic structures. However, statistical learning is not a mechanism of entrenchment solely in the linguistic domain. In the audit ...
... nuous stream of speech (Saffran et al., 1996a) and to the formation of chunks including frequently co-occurring non-adjacent morphemes (Gómez, 2002), along with other linguistic structures. However, statistical learning is not a mechanism of entrenchment solely in the linguistic domain. In the audit ...
Spike-Timing-Dependent Hebbian Plasticity as
... A crucial question regarding the spike-based Hebbian learning rule described above is whether it produces a stable set of weights for a given training set of inputs. In the case of the conventional Hebbian learning rule, which only prescribes increases in synaptic weights based on pre- and postsynap ...
... A crucial question regarding the spike-based Hebbian learning rule described above is whether it produces a stable set of weights for a given training set of inputs. In the case of the conventional Hebbian learning rule, which only prescribes increases in synaptic weights based on pre- and postsynap ...