Principles of Ecology
... Gross primary productivity = the rate at which the primary producers capture and store energy per unit time since the primary producers expend energy during respiration the net primary productivity is considerably lower than the gross productivity Productivity is usually measured as biomass (dry wei ...
... Gross primary productivity = the rate at which the primary producers capture and store energy per unit time since the primary producers expend energy during respiration the net primary productivity is considerably lower than the gross productivity Productivity is usually measured as biomass (dry wei ...
Predation - escience
... Predation is obviously not beneficial to the individual organism that is killed and eaten as food, but to the prey population as a whole, the predator could be very beneficial. ...
... Predation is obviously not beneficial to the individual organism that is killed and eaten as food, but to the prey population as a whole, the predator could be very beneficial. ...
Ecosystems - Bronx River Alliance
... the earth’s biodiversity and ecological functions is to protect intact ecosystems that provide sufficient habitat for sustaining natural populations of species, including us. What can you do to help maintain or increase the biodiversity of the Bronx River? Learning about ecosystems and the other asp ...
... the earth’s biodiversity and ecological functions is to protect intact ecosystems that provide sufficient habitat for sustaining natural populations of species, including us. What can you do to help maintain or increase the biodiversity of the Bronx River? Learning about ecosystems and the other asp ...
Chapter 5
... • trophic levels – Each step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem is known as a trophic level – analogous to ecosystem roles ...
... • trophic levels – Each step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem is known as a trophic level – analogous to ecosystem roles ...
Chapter 1 Review Questions
... significant quantities of organic molecules for primary consumers. It follows that there is less energy at the level of the primary consumers to pass on to the secondary consumers. At this point, the secondary consumers have to hunt over such a large range to sustain themselves that the system canno ...
... significant quantities of organic molecules for primary consumers. It follows that there is less energy at the level of the primary consumers to pass on to the secondary consumers. At this point, the secondary consumers have to hunt over such a large range to sustain themselves that the system canno ...
Document
... _____ 9. Resources such as water, food, or sunlight are likely to be limiting factors a. when population size is decreasing. b. when predators eat their prey. c. when the population is small. d. when a population is approaching the carrying capacity. _____ 10. Nature’s recyclers are a. predators. b. ...
... _____ 9. Resources such as water, food, or sunlight are likely to be limiting factors a. when population size is decreasing. b. when predators eat their prey. c. when the population is small. d. when a population is approaching the carrying capacity. _____ 10. Nature’s recyclers are a. predators. b. ...
Chapter Review
... _____ 9. Resources such as water, food, or sunlight are likely to be limiting factors a. when population size is decreasing. b. when predators eat their prey. c. when the population is small. d. when a population is approaching the carrying capacity. _____ 10. Nature’s recyclers are a. predators. b. ...
... _____ 9. Resources such as water, food, or sunlight are likely to be limiting factors a. when population size is decreasing. b. when predators eat their prey. c. when the population is small. d. when a population is approaching the carrying capacity. _____ 10. Nature’s recyclers are a. predators. b. ...
Rainfall - John Marshall High School
... 4. How would you design an aquarium so that both of these fish can live together? ...
... 4. How would you design an aquarium so that both of these fish can live together? ...
Biology Unit 4: Ecology Reference Packet SB4. Investigate the
... a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes. b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow. Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid. Th ...
... a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes. b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow. Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid. Th ...
PPT: Ecosystems and Productivity
... Why could the earth support more people if the eat at lower trophic levels? Why are food chains and webs rarely more than four or five trophic levels? Why do marine food webs have greater ecological efficiency and therefore more trophic levels than terrestrial ones? Why are there so few top level ca ...
... Why could the earth support more people if the eat at lower trophic levels? Why are food chains and webs rarely more than four or five trophic levels? Why do marine food webs have greater ecological efficiency and therefore more trophic levels than terrestrial ones? Why are there so few top level ca ...
Interaction strength combinations and the overfishing of a marine
... The biomass (measured in grams per square meter) of the species used here are average estimates for the U.S. Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico region (22). Body mass is estimated as the average body mass of adults multiplied by a correction factor describing the age structure of the population (see ref. 22 ...
... The biomass (measured in grams per square meter) of the species used here are average estimates for the U.S. Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico region (22). Body mass is estimated as the average body mass of adults multiplied by a correction factor describing the age structure of the population (see ref. 22 ...
The case of the “Marine food chains – A knowledge to share” project
... E-mail: jsaiote@ciimar.up.pt The marine ecosystems balance is strongly related with biodiversity, food chains and nutrients cycle sustainability. The Ocean represents a vast and complex environment where a big diversity of organisms lives. The trophic relationships between the organisms are usually ...
... E-mail: jsaiote@ciimar.up.pt The marine ecosystems balance is strongly related with biodiversity, food chains and nutrients cycle sustainability. The Ocean represents a vast and complex environment where a big diversity of organisms lives. The trophic relationships between the organisms are usually ...
Sample Test #4
... b. Competitive exclusion due to the friction and disorder created by group social behavior among carnivores. c. Slow turnover rates for nutrient reservoirs with small amounts of nutrients in them. d. Biomagnification of toxic chemicals stored in lipids (fat tissue) of top predators. 14. The grazing ...
... b. Competitive exclusion due to the friction and disorder created by group social behavior among carnivores. c. Slow turnover rates for nutrient reservoirs with small amounts of nutrients in them. d. Biomagnification of toxic chemicals stored in lipids (fat tissue) of top predators. 14. The grazing ...
Name - marric
... 6. All animals are directly or indirectly dependent for their food on the __________________________________________. 7. The two major groups of microorganisms that serve as decomposers are ___________________ and _______________________. 8. _______________________ feed on dead animals that have bee ...
... 6. All animals are directly or indirectly dependent for their food on the __________________________________________. 7. The two major groups of microorganisms that serve as decomposers are ___________________ and _______________________. 8. _______________________ feed on dead animals that have bee ...
Unit 2 Vocabulary
... 4. Define abiotic component of an ecosystem. List three important physical factors and three important chemical factors that have large effects on ecosystems. 5. In your own words explain the law of tolerance. Draw the diagram. Compare the limiting factors in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems ...
... 4. Define abiotic component of an ecosystem. List three important physical factors and three important chemical factors that have large effects on ecosystems. 5. In your own words explain the law of tolerance. Draw the diagram. Compare the limiting factors in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems ...
Symbiotic Relationships
... eating the host's partly digested food, depriving the host of nutrients. C) Fleas and Cats: fleas bite the Cats skin, sucking their blood, and causing them to itch and possible get sick. The fleas, in turn, get food and a warm home. ...
... eating the host's partly digested food, depriving the host of nutrients. C) Fleas and Cats: fleas bite the Cats skin, sucking their blood, and causing them to itch and possible get sick. The fleas, in turn, get food and a warm home. ...
Symbiotic Relationships
... eating the host's partly digested food, depriving the host of nutrients. C) Fleas and Cats: fleas bite the Cats skin, sucking their blood, and causing them to itch and possible get sick. The fleas, in turn, get food and a warm home. ...
... eating the host's partly digested food, depriving the host of nutrients. C) Fleas and Cats: fleas bite the Cats skin, sucking their blood, and causing them to itch and possible get sick. The fleas, in turn, get food and a warm home. ...
ecology - Westlake FFA
... 3. Secondary Consumer: (always a carnivore) - feeds upon other consumers (frogs, sparrows, snakes, and foxes above) (The hawk is a secondary or 3rd level consumer depending on the availability of food.) Omnivores may be primary or secondary consumers. ...
... 3. Secondary Consumer: (always a carnivore) - feeds upon other consumers (frogs, sparrows, snakes, and foxes above) (The hawk is a secondary or 3rd level consumer depending on the availability of food.) Omnivores may be primary or secondary consumers. ...
PPT
... plants and animals nearby which interact with the organism. This is a community. All of the organisms of the same species within the community constitute ...
... plants and animals nearby which interact with the organism. This is a community. All of the organisms of the same species within the community constitute ...
Ecology Test Review
... 11. List three ways that carbon dioxide gets into the air. 12. How is gaseous carbon (CO2) converted to solid carbon that can be used by producers and consumers? 13. How is solid carbon deposited back into the ground? 14. Why is nitrogen important to living things? 15. Define nitrogen fixation and d ...
... 11. List three ways that carbon dioxide gets into the air. 12. How is gaseous carbon (CO2) converted to solid carbon that can be used by producers and consumers? 13. How is solid carbon deposited back into the ground? 14. Why is nitrogen important to living things? 15. Define nitrogen fixation and d ...
Chapter 49- Energy Flow
... B. Food chains and webs 1. Food chain: a) Path of food from a given final consumer back to producer. 2. Food web: a) The real-world picture of interlocked food chains in an ecosystem. 3. Figure 4.13, 4.14, 4.15 4. Video: 19225 (forest) 19226 (pond) 5. Trophic levels: a) Individual links in the food ...
... B. Food chains and webs 1. Food chain: a) Path of food from a given final consumer back to producer. 2. Food web: a) The real-world picture of interlocked food chains in an ecosystem. 3. Figure 4.13, 4.14, 4.15 4. Video: 19225 (forest) 19226 (pond) 5. Trophic levels: a) Individual links in the food ...
Obtaining Food in Animals - Deans Community High School
... Beyond this point, net energy gain decreases because the very largest prey is the scarcest (hence involves a longer search time) and it tends to put up the best fight. It is not economical if the predator has to expend much energy subduing the prey. ...
... Beyond this point, net energy gain decreases because the very largest prey is the scarcest (hence involves a longer search time) and it tends to put up the best fight. It is not economical if the predator has to expend much energy subduing the prey. ...
Document
... Producers and Consumers Are the Living Components of Ecosystems Some organisms can obtain energy from inorganic compounds in their environment WITHOUT sunlight through a process called chemosynthesis. • Deep ocean bacteria draw energy from hydrothermal vents and produce carbohydrates from hydroge ...
... Producers and Consumers Are the Living Components of Ecosystems Some organisms can obtain energy from inorganic compounds in their environment WITHOUT sunlight through a process called chemosynthesis. • Deep ocean bacteria draw energy from hydrothermal vents and produce carbohydrates from hydroge ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.