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Ecology Review I
Ecology Review I

... C6H12O6. Photosynthesis takes place in this plant organelle: chloroplast. Autotrophs that get their energy from chemicals through the process called chemotrophs_. This particular autotroph that is commonly called blue-green algae, is actually cyanobacteria, a major source of oxygen for earth. ...
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... Pyramid of Biomass – Represents the biomass at each trophic level Pyramid of Numbers – Represents the number of organisms at each trophic level ...
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... • Bioaccumulation can threaten humans as well as animals. For example, in the United States many federal and state agencies currently warn consumers to avoid or limit their consumption of large predatory fish that contain high levels of mercury, such as shark, swordfish, tilefish, and king ...
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... Nutrients are elements and compounds that organisms need to live and grow. • Organisms can be producers, consumers, herbivores, carnivores, or decomposers in ecosystems. • Eventually nutrients cycle back into the ecosystem for the producers. ...
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... There are 20 multiple-choice questions and 3 open- ended problems on this Assessment. In order to do well, you should review the following concepts. Ecology o The flow of energy through an ecosystem  Food webs  Food chains  Food pyramids  Trophic levels o The flow of chemicals throughout the eco ...
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PowerPoint - Susan Schwinning

...  Long food chains (> 4 trophic levels) do seem to require a larger ecosystem (larger area for terrestrial, greater volume for aquatic). - whether larger areas would allow longer trophic chains is untestable on this earth. ...
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...  Begin and end a food web of your own with the correct steps.  Use at least 20 producers, consumers, and decomposers.  Add graphics and color(if you wish.) ...
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... What is a food chain? A food chain is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem. A typical grassland food chain is shown in the figure below. Each organism gets energy from the organism it eats. The flow of energy is always one way—into the consumer. An organism uses part of th ...
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unit 2: ecology
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... o Biomass is usually expressed in terms of grams of organic (living) matter per unit area 3. Pyramid of Numbers = represents the numbers of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem o Doesn’t always “fit” the same shape of energy or biomass pyramids (i.e. a forest tree contains a la ...
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... organism’s behavior – examples from the video include: Examples from the video include: Examples of Mr. Johnson – chickens running to him when he approaches the henhouse. “Look” he says, “They love me” but really, they think he is going to feed them and they are looking for food. It’s not about YOU ...
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Food web



A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.
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