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Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive

... information between neurons. While this randomness can be partially mitigated through increasing the number (or size) of neurons that participate in any task, this is both costly and limited: neurons are not fully independent in their activity, therefore stochasticity remains. Ultimately, this neura ...
α-Synuclein and dopamine at the crossroads of Parkinson`s disease
α-Synuclein and dopamine at the crossroads of Parkinson`s disease

... midbrain tissue, total α-synuclein mRNA levels were found to be increased by 4-fold on average compared to control brains [27], although the variability between PD cases was very high. Contradictory results showing a reduction of α-synuclein mRNA in surviving neurons from the same brain region have ...
Specificity and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections in Sema6A
Specificity and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections in Sema6A

... telencephalon largely determines their final targeting within the cortex [16–20]. For example, in mutants in the transcription factor Ebf1 or in the Dlx1/Dlx2 double mutants, a subset of thalamic axons is misrouted ventrally, resulting in a caudal shift of the remaining axons within the ventral telen ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing

... making termination of a meal more likely (Giza et al., 1992). Further, if taste activity in NTS is affected by the rat’s nutritional ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps

... In contrast to the predominant general view that applied two decades ago, it is currently accepted that cortical maps are dynamic constructs that are remodeled in detail by behaviorally important experiences throughout life. A wide variety of neuronal response reconstruction (mapping) studies in dif ...
Linear visuomotor transformations in midbrain superior colliculus
Linear visuomotor transformations in midbrain superior colliculus

... The integration in Eq. (1.2) yields the current eye displacement signal, and implements a so-called resettable integrator (RSI; [22]); its value is reset to zero when the saccade has finished (and the eye foveates the goal specified by the SC). Although in some models this reset is proposed to have ...
THESIS D - Krishikosh
THESIS D - Krishikosh

... College, Nagpur for their suggestions and guidance as and when required. I was fortunate to get devoted and selfless help from my departmental colleagues Dr. Sirsikar, Dr. Gedam, Dr. Sukhdeve, Sriniwas, Khandate, Pawan Kawareti and Jigyasa Rana at various stages of my research work and my post gradu ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex

... The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The next peak in the autocorrelogram reveals the period of the oscillation (see Materials and Methods for details). (B) Power spect ...
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation

Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target

... Figure 1. Multitarget task. Along the top, the bars labeled fixation, array on, and target dim depict the temporal sequence of the behavioral task used in this experiment. The line below, labeled Eye, is a schematic of eye position. The bottom portion of the figure depicts the spatial arrangement of ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials

... cue and attention epochs (Fig. 3A). There was no effect of spike cleaning in frequency bands ⬍60 Hz, which is in agreement with spike leakages mainly affecting high-frequency LFPs (Zanos et al., 2011). Remarkably, despite the removal of spike remnants from LFP traces, cue (48%; 63%), attended (44%; ...
Sample
Sample

... 30. During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to Incorrect. During resting potentia ...
Resting-state Functional mR imaging
Resting-state Functional mR imaging

Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in

Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B

... How are we using the term reward? Although there is broad consensus that addicting drugs produce ‘reward’, inconsistency in the use of the term is an impediment to progress in understanding how these drugs influence behavior [3]. The word ‘reward’ can be used as a noun (“rats will work for a reward” ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia
A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

... setting the stage for the development of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Or there may be additional factors, such as stress or neurotoxicity, that occur during adolescence or early adulthood and are necessary for the development of schizophrenia, and may be associated with neurodegenerative changes. ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development

... the wiring for sensory integration and behavioral outputs. Simultaneously, cortical glial cells and the vascular network are maturing towards adult patterns. In rodents most of the synapses in the neocortex are formed and many intrinsic and extrinsic cortical connections are refined during the first ...
Auditory Imagery: Empirical Findings
Auditory Imagery: Empirical Findings

... participants judged low pitches, but an equivalent semantic congruity effect (i.e., time required to judge which of two stimuli is more extreme along a dimension decreases when the judgment is congruent with that end of the dimension; Banks, 1977) for judgments of low pitches did not occur. Yoo, Lee ...
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no

... actioneoutcome learning (The ‘outcome’ is the reward or punisher that is or is not obtained when the action is performed.). The ACC contains representations of reward and punisher value, and thus of outcome, which are essential for learning associations between actions and the outcomes that follow a ...
The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge
The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge

... used 100-ms depolarizing current pulses to elicit spikes and measured any effect on the singing motor pattern (Fig. 2C). Elicited bursts of spikes in CDI never had an effect on the timing of the ongoing singing motor pattern (n 0 10) (Fig. 2D). Singing also continued normally when CDI was prevented ...
Thermotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans Analyzed by Measuring
Thermotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans Analyzed by Measuring

... compares the two drives. Although the labels thermophilic, cryophilic, and atactic describe aberrant aggregation patterns on spatial gradients, they do not explain how putative thermophilic and cryophilic drives direct the worm’s movements toward the cultivation temperature. Also, it is unclear whet ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the

... compared with primary sensory and motor cortices. Similar regional and laminar distributions of CB1-IR axons were also present in the human neocortex. CB1-IR axons had more prominent varicosities in human tissue, but this difference appeared to represent a postmortem effect as similar morphological ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex

... We have also been able to obtain evidence that non-reward used as a signal to reverse behavioural choice is represented in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Kringelbach and Rolls (2003) used the faces of two different people, and if one face was selected then that face smiled, and if the other was sel ...
Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the
Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the

... FIG. 1. A: delayed matching-to-sample task based on an identification (I-DMS) task. This task was a version of a sequential delayed matching-to-sample task; a sample (480 ms) was presented after each monkey fixated on a small point (FP; 0.2° diam) that appeared at the center of the display. Test (ma ...
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Time perception



Time perception is a field of study within psychology and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and continuous unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Another person's perception of time cannot be directly experienced or understood, but it can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Time perception is a construction of the brain that is manipulable and distortable under certain circumstances. These temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.Pioneering work, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer. Experimental work began under the influence of the psycho-physical notions of Gustav Theodor Fechner with studies of the relationship between perceived and measured time.
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