Edge effects of long-term glades on the invertebrate abundance and
... T. camphoratus is a small evergreen shrub or tree of up to 9 meters and adapted to a wide variety of habitats throughout sub-Saharan Africa, especially in drier areas (Meg et al., 2002). It is a hardy plant that can regenerate quickly when cut or burnt (Noad & Bernie, 1989). We tested which factors ...
... T. camphoratus is a small evergreen shrub or tree of up to 9 meters and adapted to a wide variety of habitats throughout sub-Saharan Africa, especially in drier areas (Meg et al., 2002). It is a hardy plant that can regenerate quickly when cut or burnt (Noad & Bernie, 1989). We tested which factors ...
AP Environmental Science Summer Reading
... 5. What was invented around 1700 that changed everything? 6. What was so different about it? 7. Explain thermodynamics. 8. What are the types of energy that might be converted from one to another. 9. Why ...
... 5. What was invented around 1700 that changed everything? 6. What was so different about it? 7. Explain thermodynamics. 8. What are the types of energy that might be converted from one to another. 9. Why ...
Chapter 1. The J-curve and the J distribution
... Following an intensive but disappointing literature review of other species-abundance models, a massive study was launched. With the aid of graduate students in our Department of Biology, I began a random collection of biosurvey papers, ensuring that all the major classes of biota were covered as th ...
... Following an intensive but disappointing literature review of other species-abundance models, a massive study was launched. With the aid of graduate students in our Department of Biology, I began a random collection of biosurvey papers, ensuring that all the major classes of biota were covered as th ...
Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs Joseph H
... cases, trees and corals. Whether my arguments apply to the mobile species, such as insects. birds. fish, and crabs, that use these structures as shelter or food. or to nontropical regions. remains to be seen. I deal only with variations in diversity within local areas, not with large-scale geographi ...
... cases, trees and corals. Whether my arguments apply to the mobile species, such as insects. birds. fish, and crabs, that use these structures as shelter or food. or to nontropical regions. remains to be seen. I deal only with variations in diversity within local areas, not with large-scale geographi ...
Ecological consequences of manipulative parasites
... can also manipulate host behavior, but for different purposes and with different implications. Several studies of manipulative parasites conclude with phrases such as “may ultimately influence community structure” (Kiesecker and Blaustein 1999), yet few demonstrate ecological effects. Here, we consi ...
... can also manipulate host behavior, but for different purposes and with different implications. Several studies of manipulative parasites conclude with phrases such as “may ultimately influence community structure” (Kiesecker and Blaustein 1999), yet few demonstrate ecological effects. Here, we consi ...
Chapter 53 - Community Ecology Powerpoint
... herbivory, and symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) • Interspecific interactions can affect the survival and reproduction of each species, and the effects can be summarized as positive (+), negative (–), or no effect (0) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson ...
... herbivory, and symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) • Interspecific interactions can affect the survival and reproduction of each species, and the effects can be summarized as positive (+), negative (–), or no effect (0) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson ...
It may differ from final published v
... (2002), in discussing the functional integration between zooids of a colony argue that the degree of “connectedness” can be as simple as the shape of wall (or membrane) or behavioral interactions, and go on to argue that “connectedness between parts” is a fundamental criterion for establishing the i ...
... (2002), in discussing the functional integration between zooids of a colony argue that the degree of “connectedness” can be as simple as the shape of wall (or membrane) or behavioral interactions, and go on to argue that “connectedness between parts” is a fundamental criterion for establishing the i ...
Chapter 10 Gene flow and the evolutionary ecology of
... local selection. Finally, in independent populations genetic differentiation should ultimately lead to speciation. Dispersal and patterns of species richness Consideration of dispersal at the community level provides the basis for regional versus local patterns of species richness. Patterns of speci ...
... local selection. Finally, in independent populations genetic differentiation should ultimately lead to speciation. Dispersal and patterns of species richness Consideration of dispersal at the community level provides the basis for regional versus local patterns of species richness. Patterns of speci ...
Unit 2 * Ecosystems and Population Change
... Abiotic factors: Soil • Soil not only contains water and nutrients but also is home to many plants and animals. ...
... Abiotic factors: Soil • Soil not only contains water and nutrients but also is home to many plants and animals. ...
Sample Chapter 03
... species concept of Ernst Mayr (1942), who defined species as “groups of populations that can actually or potentially exchange genes with one another and that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” The biological species concept defines species in terms of interbreeding. It has been use ...
... species concept of Ernst Mayr (1942), who defined species as “groups of populations that can actually or potentially exchange genes with one another and that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” The biological species concept defines species in terms of interbreeding. It has been use ...
Restoration of Ecosystems
... – (reclamation, rehabilitation, revegetation) creates unrealistic expectations ...
... – (reclamation, rehabilitation, revegetation) creates unrealistic expectations ...
Unit 2 * Ecosystems and Population Change
... Abiotic factors: Soil • Soil not only contains water and nutrients but also is home to many plants and animals. ...
... Abiotic factors: Soil • Soil not only contains water and nutrients but also is home to many plants and animals. ...
1999 USA -3F Interd 3
... Several recent experiments aim to test the relationship of species richness to ecosystem functions directly. Two experiments ®nd such a relationship and have received enormous publicity. However, both are ¯awed and can provide limited guidance (Beck, 1997). The Ecotron experiment (Naeem et al., 1994 ...
... Several recent experiments aim to test the relationship of species richness to ecosystem functions directly. Two experiments ®nd such a relationship and have received enormous publicity. However, both are ¯awed and can provide limited guidance (Beck, 1997). The Ecotron experiment (Naeem et al., 1994 ...
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Ecology - Hitchcock
... How are all living things connected? • Each individual organism has a role to play in the flow of energy and matter. • In this way, organisms are connected to all other organisms, and their relationships affect each one’s growth and survival. • A biotic factor is an interaction between organisms in ...
... How are all living things connected? • Each individual organism has a role to play in the flow of energy and matter. • In this way, organisms are connected to all other organisms, and their relationships affect each one’s growth and survival. • A biotic factor is an interaction between organisms in ...
Do individual plant species show predictable responses to nitrogen
... problem is to compare the responses of individual species across multiple experiments. It may be that species respond consistently across experiments, in which case we can develop a predictive understanding of the mechanisms driving the productivity /diversity relationship based upon an understandi ...
... problem is to compare the responses of individual species across multiple experiments. It may be that species respond consistently across experiments, in which case we can develop a predictive understanding of the mechanisms driving the productivity /diversity relationship based upon an understandi ...
Priority Research and Management Issues for the Imperiled Great
... of runoff, and warmer water temperatures in many rivers and lakes (Baldwin et al. 2003). In summer, lower flows coupled with higher variability may negatively affect water uses such as hydropower, irrigation, fisheries, and recreation. In winter, hydropower production could increase to take advantag ...
... of runoff, and warmer water temperatures in many rivers and lakes (Baldwin et al. 2003). In summer, lower flows coupled with higher variability may negatively affect water uses such as hydropower, irrigation, fisheries, and recreation. In winter, hydropower production could increase to take advantag ...
Wildlife Corridors and Climate Change Adaptation
... Implications for managers and decision-makers: In terms of climate change adaptation, corridors should be planned at the regional or continental level to ensure that they provide evolutionary connectivity - the ability to provide enough habitat for gene exchange and range expansions and shifts. They ...
... Implications for managers and decision-makers: In terms of climate change adaptation, corridors should be planned at the regional or continental level to ensure that they provide evolutionary connectivity - the ability to provide enough habitat for gene exchange and range expansions and shifts. They ...
How mutualisms between plants and insects are
... syconium? Several hypotheses have been posited for the prevention of such acts and thereby the stability of the mutualism. By the unbeatable seeds hypothesis34, it was suggested that certain flowers, especially those lining the outermost region of the syconium, are biochemically or physically protec ...
... syconium? Several hypotheses have been posited for the prevention of such acts and thereby the stability of the mutualism. By the unbeatable seeds hypothesis34, it was suggested that certain flowers, especially those lining the outermost region of the syconium, are biochemically or physically protec ...
Here are some excerpts from various reports and articles of
... ecosystem perturbation is now occurring or is likely. 205/ Nutrient levels from marine cage culture have been compared to sewage effluents...dilution is not the answer for pollution. 206/ In addition to eutrophication, alterations of nutrient ratios are often held responsible for changes to pelagic ...
... ecosystem perturbation is now occurring or is likely. 205/ Nutrient levels from marine cage culture have been compared to sewage effluents...dilution is not the answer for pollution. 206/ In addition to eutrophication, alterations of nutrient ratios are often held responsible for changes to pelagic ...
Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production
... studies3,4 (40.6 and 39 Pg organic matter, respectively), but the difference is largely due to items we have omitted. First, we included only the NPP required to produce consumed goods, not the components of NPP that are lost to land transformation (for example, ‘shifting cultivation’ and ‘land clea ...
... studies3,4 (40.6 and 39 Pg organic matter, respectively), but the difference is largely due to items we have omitted. First, we included only the NPP required to produce consumed goods, not the components of NPP that are lost to land transformation (for example, ‘shifting cultivation’ and ‘land clea ...
animal mutualistic interactions
... predator–prey interactions. Box 1 presents the main classes of models that have been used to study the population dynamics of mutualistic interactions. As in food webs, the simplest mathematical models of mutualistic interactions have defined interaction strength as a single parameter aij representi ...
... predator–prey interactions. Box 1 presents the main classes of models that have been used to study the population dynamics of mutualistic interactions. As in food webs, the simplest mathematical models of mutualistic interactions have defined interaction strength as a single parameter aij representi ...
752-4740-1-SP - Oecologia Australis
... thousand sharp “wedges packed close together and driven inwards with incessant blows, sometimes one wedge being struck, and then another with greater force.” (Darwin, 1859 p.631). This metaphor represents nothing more than a scenario promoted by competition. During the 1960s and 1970s, field investi ...
... thousand sharp “wedges packed close together and driven inwards with incessant blows, sometimes one wedge being struck, and then another with greater force.” (Darwin, 1859 p.631). This metaphor represents nothing more than a scenario promoted by competition. During the 1960s and 1970s, field investi ...
Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation
... of human settlement, compared with more natural rural areas. The remaining 20 studies reported either an increase or no change in diversity with increasing human settlement. The 51 studies covered a wide range of geographic and natural settings, so it is difficult to identify which variables determi ...
... of human settlement, compared with more natural rural areas. The remaining 20 studies reported either an increase or no change in diversity with increasing human settlement. The 51 studies covered a wide range of geographic and natural settings, so it is difficult to identify which variables determi ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.