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Stars
Stars

w 2012-01-13 Stellar Life Cycle
w 2012-01-13 Stellar Life Cycle

Life Cycles of Stars
Life Cycles of Stars

... dense stable star about the size of the Earth weighing three tons per cubic centimeter. • It radiates its left-over heat for billions of years. • When its heat is all dispersed, it will be a cold, dark black dwarf essentially a dead star ...
Lecture 10 - University of Minnesota
Lecture 10 - University of Minnesota

Direct detection of extrasolar planets through eclipse by their host star
Direct detection of extrasolar planets through eclipse by their host star

... • atmospheric composition and evolution: formation of atmospheres in three possible ways (Elkins-Tanton et al., 2008): • capture of nebular gases • degassing during accretion • degassing from tectonic activity • low-mass terrestrial planets do not have sufficient gravity to capture nebular gases • i ...
Part B
Part B

... Other X-ray sources Lots of energetic interactions of cosmic bodies emit black body radiation peaked in X-rays. e.g. Galactic clusters formed by the merger of individual galaxies (infalling material on collision heated to 108 K). Bullet cluster, the colour representing X-ray emission. ...
Practice Questions for Final
Practice Questions for Final

... Which of the following statements about black holes is NOT true? A. If you fell into a black hole, you would experience time to be running normally as you plunged rapidly across the event horizon. B. A spaceship passing near a 10 solar mass black hole is much more likely to be destroyed than a space ...
9 The Clearing of Protoplanetary Disks and of the Protosolar Nebula
9 The Clearing of Protoplanetary Disks and of the Protosolar Nebula

... in low-density star-forming regions like Taurus. They also find that the disk frequency sharply decreases with cluster age suggesting a disk lifetime (the time for all stars to lose their disks) of 6 Myr (see the dot-dashed line in Fig. 9.2). The sensitivity of the IRAC camera on board the Spitzer S ...
From the Everett and Seattle Astronomical
From the Everett and Seattle Astronomical

... From the Everett and Seattle Astronomical Societies, this is IT'S OVER YOUR HEAD for the week beginning July 17th, a look at what's up in the sky over Puget Sound. The glory of the summer sky is highlighted by the Milky Way, a giant spiral galaxy, which stretches from the northern horizon in Perseus ...
CH6.5.Ast1001.F13.EDS
CH6.5.Ast1001.F13.EDS

Into the sub-mm
Into the sub-mm

... symmetry, or significant turbulent velocity fields within the pre-collapse cores. This theme was expanded by Anja Visser (Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory) who reported on a pilot study of a SCUBA survey of Lynds Class 6 Clouds. The goals of their unbiased survey is to constrain star formation mo ...
Universe and Solar System
Universe and Solar System

... Goal: Apply your knowledge of the types of objects and their arrangement in the solar system and universe. Role: You are a member of your 6th grade class, which is helping your school compete for a hosting the President for a nationally televised address on space. Audience: The selection team for th ...
Unit 1
Unit 1

... before becoming white dwarfs • Higher mass stars move rapidly off the main sequence and into the giant stages, eventually exploding in a supernova ...
Planet Searches at Caltech (not a review)
Planet Searches at Caltech (not a review)

... Detection Limits SIM: 1 as over 5 years (mission lifetime) Keck Interferometer: 20 as over 10 years ...
High-Mass Star Formation
High-Mass Star Formation

... star forming cores Aspect ratios consistent with spherical symmetry Median size of 0.32 pc and median virial mass of 920 Msun Virial mass a factor of 2 to 3 larger than dust-determined mass Cumulative mass spectrum G ~ -0.9 similar to IMF of OB ...
Resource Letter Exo
Resource Letter Exo

... been developed for their discovery and characterisation. As of 1 November 2013, just over 1000 exoplanets (in nearly 200 multiple systems) are considered as ‘confirmed’, many through dedicated space observations (and many more expected from the ongoing Kepler satellite analysis). The architecture of ...
Celestial Objects
Celestial Objects

Are There Other Earths Out There? Astronomers` First
Are There Other Earths Out There? Astronomers` First

... systems, including our own solar system, which is the planetary system that we are most familiar with. Most astronomers expect that life can only originate on a planet, perhaps a planet with size, composition (meaning the materials that it is made of), and temperature similar to that of Earth. Earth ...
Document
Document

... Assuming that the candidates are main sequence stars at the same distance as HAT-P-7. ...
Chapter10- Other Planetary Systems -pptx
Chapter10- Other Planetary Systems -pptx

... Jupiter-like planets should not form inside the frost line (at << 5 AU). • The discovery of hot Jupiters has forced reexamination of nebular theory. • Planetary migration or gravitational encounters may explain hot Jupiters. ...
Light of Distant Stars - Glasgow Science Centre
Light of Distant Stars - Glasgow Science Centre

... The Transit of Venus —Jeremiah Horrocks Jeremiah Horrocks was an English astronomer who lived in the 17th century. He wrote about the first observed transit of Venus. Here is his account of the event, as taken from his book Venus in Sole Visa: When the time of the observation approached, I retired ...
The origin, life, and death of stars
The origin, life, and death of stars

... The life cycle of a star is determined by its mass  More massive stars have greater gravity, and this speeds up the rate of fusion  O and B stars can consume all of their core hydrogen in a few million years, while very low mass stars can take hundreds of billions of years. ...
Supernovae - Michigan State University
Supernovae - Michigan State University

... If a stellar core grows beyond its Chandrasekhar mass limit, it will collapse. Typically this will result in a Supernova explosion  at least the outer part of a star is blown off into space ...
Stars-Chapter 18
Stars-Chapter 18

... 1. Begin their lives as clouds of dust and gas called nebulae 2. Gravity may cause the nebula to contract 3. Matter in the gas cloud will begin to condense into a dense region called a protostar 4. The protostar continues to condense, it heats up. Eventually, it reaches a critical mass and nuclear f ...
AST 101 Final Exam DO NOT open the exam until
AST 101 Final Exam DO NOT open the exam until

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Nebular hypothesis

The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System. It suggests that the Solar System formed from nebulous material. The theory was developed by Immanuel Kant and published in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heaven. Originally applied to our own Solar System, this process of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the universe. The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) or simply solar nebular model. This nebular hypothesis offered explanations for a variety of properties of the Solar System, including the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets, and their motion in the same direction as the Sun's rotation. Some elements of the nebular hypothesis are echoed in modern theories of planetary formation, but most elements have been superseded.According to the nebular hypothesis, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC). These clouds are gravitationally unstable, and matter coalesces within them to smaller denser clumps, which then rotate, collapse, and form stars. Star formation is a complex process, which always produces a gaseous protoplanetary disk around the young star. This may give birth to planets in certain circumstances, which are not well known. Thus the formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A Sun-like star usually takes approximately 1 million years to form, with the protoplanetary disk evolving into a planetary system over the next 10-100 million years.The protoplanetary disk is an accretion disk that feeds the central star. Initially very hot, the disk later cools in what is known as the T tauri star stage; here, formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ice is possible. The grains eventually may coagulate into kilometer-sized planetesimals. If the disk is massive enough, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the rapid—100,000 to 300,000 years—formation of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos. Near the star, the planetary embryos go through a stage of violent mergers, producing a few terrestrial planets. The last stage takes approximately 100 million to a billion years.The formation of giant planets is a more complicated process. It is thought to occur beyond the so-called frost line, where planetary embryos mainly are made of various types of ice. As a result, they are several times more massive than in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk. What follows after the embryo formation is not completely clear. Some embryos appear to continue to grow and eventually reach 5–10 Earth masses—the threshold value, which is necessary to begin accretion of the hydrogen–helium gas from the disk. The accumulation of gas by the core is initially a slow process, which continues for several million years, but after the forming protoplanet reaches about 30 Earth masses (M⊕) it accelerates and proceeds in a runaway manner. Jupiter- and Saturn-like planets are thought to accumulate the bulk of their mass during only 10,000 years. The accretion stops when the gas is exhausted. The formed planets can migrate over long distances during or after their formation. Ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune are thought to be failed cores, which formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared.
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