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The First Stars in the Universe
The First Stars in the Universe

Acceleration of Coronal Mass Ejection In Long Rising Solar
Acceleration of Coronal Mass Ejection In Long Rising Solar

... • Fusion is much faster than PP-chain • C, N, O act as catalysts ...
Exploration of the Kuiper Belt by High-Precision Photometric
Exploration of the Kuiper Belt by High-Precision Photometric

... KBOs down to objects of 1 km radius leads to 1011 KBOs with a total mass of only 0.1 Mo (Gladman et al. 2001). In contrast, a simple extrapolation of the surface mass density of the solar system outside 35 AU yields several Earth masses. Moreover, KBO accretion models require an initial Kuiper Belt ...
Powerpoint file
Powerpoint file

PHYS3380_102815_bw - The University of Texas at Dallas
PHYS3380_102815_bw - The University of Texas at Dallas

... nearly 96 billion kilometers from this young star system. - appears much broader than the narrow jets seen in other young stars, but it is caused by the same process - the ejection of gas from a star. ...
Astronomy 112: The Physics of Stars Class 15 Notes: Stars Before
Astronomy 112: The Physics of Stars Class 15 Notes: Stars Before

Binary evolution in a nutshell
Binary evolution in a nutshell

... Here we made the assumption that the fraction of the stellar mass available for hydrogen fusion is the same for all stars. In reality, this factor will vary; it is ∼ 0.15 for the Sun, but may be much larger for more massive stars, for example because they have convective cores and can mix material f ...
–1– 2. Milky Way We know a great deal, perhaps more than any
–1– 2. Milky Way We know a great deal, perhaps more than any

... • A similar, but much larger survey of nearby stars was done by Kapteyn around 1920. He used parallax, proper motions, radial velocities and spectra to infer the distance to stars. He inferred that the size of the MW is about 10 kpc, and the MW is flattened with an axial ratio of 1/5. The Sun is abo ...
Galaxies
Galaxies

... clusters of galaxies? – Masses measured from galaxy motions, temperature of hot gas, and gravitational lensing all indicate that the vast majority of matter in clusters is dark ...
Chapter 12 Star Stuff How do stars form?
Chapter 12 Star Stuff How do stars form?

... core, depositing a shell of helium on the core The shell of helium begins fusing to carbon while the hydrogen shell above it fuses to helium The star has become a red giant called a “double-shell burning star” This double-shell-burning stage is unsteady, and the fusion rate periodically spikes upwar ...
The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL)
The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL)

... regions The Spitzer–GLIMPSE images at 8 µm have unveiled a “bubbling Galactic disc”. More than 600 bubbles with diameters of a few arcminutes have been catalogued by Churchwell et al. (2006, 2007). As shown by Deharveng et al. (2010), more than 85 % of these 8 µm bubbles enclose H ii regions and con ...
Finding habitable earths around white dwarfs with a robotic
Finding habitable earths around white dwarfs with a robotic

... There are significant deviations from the Mestel cooling law due to a range of physical effects, most importantly for cool white dwarfs are crystallization and gravitational separation. So instead of equation 1, I used the cooling models computed by Bergeron et al.9 to compute the white dwarf lumino ...
Earth-like worlds on eccentric orbits - Physics
Earth-like worlds on eccentric orbits - Physics

File
File

... * For example, to escape from Earth, a spaceship would have to leave Earth’s surface at 11 km/s (25,000 mph). ...
Detecting the glint of starlight on the oceans of distant planets
Detecting the glint of starlight on the oceans of distant planets

... by water, only a tiny percentage of the ocean surface contributes to the specular term because the probability of waves being oriented properly for sending light in the direction of Earth is small; when the planet is in quadrature phase as in Fig. 3a, the disk-averaged value of pwav is found from th ...
Local preprint copy
Local preprint copy

... 106 years for the F0 star. All of these timescales are very short relative to the lifetime of the star, but 106 years may be long enough that the exomoon’s orbit could be externally perturbed by a planet or planetesimal disk. On the other hand, as Figure 1 shows, the semimajor axis decay typically h ...
ASTRONOMY 120
ASTRONOMY 120

... A nova is a binary star system that suddenly brightens and then slowly fades back to normal. It is caused by an evolving star in a binary that is expanding past its Roche lobe and losing gas to a companion white dwarf. After a while, the material (primarily hydrogen) builds up on the white dwarf and ...
Open access - ORBi
Open access - ORBi

Summary of Talks at Growing Black Holes 2004 in Garching
Summary of Talks at Growing Black Holes 2004 in Garching

... to estimates of quasar lifetimes. At z < 2.5, SDSS clustering scale is about 7 Mpc. There is now preliminary, tentative evidence for correlation length to increase with redshift.  Spectra of emission lines in high z quasars & Continuum shape consistent with lower z objects -> implication : rapid ch ...
ppt file - Universitat de Barcelona
ppt file - Universitat de Barcelona

The Search for Extrasolar Earth-like Planets
The Search for Extrasolar Earth-like Planets

... be oriented to show transits is the ratio of the stellar radius to planet semi-major axis. For Earth and the sun this is 0.5%, meaning that 200 stars with Earthlike planets would have to be monitored to detect one transiting system. Furthermore, one would want to see two or three transits to measure ...
Stars and Planets - The University of Texas at Dallas
Stars and Planets - The University of Texas at Dallas

... The Pleiades is a famous cluster of young stars visible in the constellation Taurus. When most of the gas and dust is gone from a stellar nursery, the young stars are in an open cluster. One day these star systems will drift apart. Image source: http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap021201.html ...
Lecture 6
Lecture 6

PH607lec12-5gal3
PH607lec12-5gal3

ISIMA lectures on celestial mechanics. 3
ISIMA lectures on celestial mechanics. 3

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Nebular hypothesis

The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System. It suggests that the Solar System formed from nebulous material. The theory was developed by Immanuel Kant and published in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heaven. Originally applied to our own Solar System, this process of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the universe. The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) or simply solar nebular model. This nebular hypothesis offered explanations for a variety of properties of the Solar System, including the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets, and their motion in the same direction as the Sun's rotation. Some elements of the nebular hypothesis are echoed in modern theories of planetary formation, but most elements have been superseded.According to the nebular hypothesis, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC). These clouds are gravitationally unstable, and matter coalesces within them to smaller denser clumps, which then rotate, collapse, and form stars. Star formation is a complex process, which always produces a gaseous protoplanetary disk around the young star. This may give birth to planets in certain circumstances, which are not well known. Thus the formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A Sun-like star usually takes approximately 1 million years to form, with the protoplanetary disk evolving into a planetary system over the next 10-100 million years.The protoplanetary disk is an accretion disk that feeds the central star. Initially very hot, the disk later cools in what is known as the T tauri star stage; here, formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ice is possible. The grains eventually may coagulate into kilometer-sized planetesimals. If the disk is massive enough, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the rapid—100,000 to 300,000 years—formation of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos. Near the star, the planetary embryos go through a stage of violent mergers, producing a few terrestrial planets. The last stage takes approximately 100 million to a billion years.The formation of giant planets is a more complicated process. It is thought to occur beyond the so-called frost line, where planetary embryos mainly are made of various types of ice. As a result, they are several times more massive than in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk. What follows after the embryo formation is not completely clear. Some embryos appear to continue to grow and eventually reach 5–10 Earth masses—the threshold value, which is necessary to begin accretion of the hydrogen–helium gas from the disk. The accumulation of gas by the core is initially a slow process, which continues for several million years, but after the forming protoplanet reaches about 30 Earth masses (M⊕) it accelerates and proceeds in a runaway manner. Jupiter- and Saturn-like planets are thought to accumulate the bulk of their mass during only 10,000 years. The accretion stops when the gas is exhausted. The formed planets can migrate over long distances during or after their formation. Ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune are thought to be failed cores, which formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared.
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