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Criteria for Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions
Criteria for Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions

On the nature of the stellar-mass black-hole candidate X
On the nature of the stellar-mass black-hole candidate X

... lower energy than the electrons in the hot plasma. This means that the high-energetic electrons can give some of their energy to the soft photons. The processes are a bit different for the hard state and the soft state. In the hard state the thermal comptonization is dominant, while in the soft stat ...
M81/M82/NGC3077
M81/M82/NGC3077

supernova remnants: a link between massive stars and the
supernova remnants: a link between massive stars and the

... Stars with main sequence masses beyond 20 − 25M seem to be associated with much more powerful explosions (with energies up to several 1052 erg). Such energies are out of reach for the neutrino-driven mechanism as discussed by Janka et al. (2004). The core of such stars probably collapses to a BH, w ...
Lec10_ch12_deathofstars
Lec10_ch12_deathofstars

... What do you think? • Will the Sun end its existence? If so, how? – The Sun will shed its outer layers as a planetary nebula in about 7 billions years. Its remnant white dwarf, with fusion ceased, will dim over the next several billion years ...
Populations of Galaxies and their Formation at z < 7
Populations of Galaxies and their Formation at z < 7

Recent science results from VLTI commissioning
Recent science results from VLTI commissioning

Unravelling the Origin and Evolution of Our Galaxy
Unravelling the Origin and Evolution of Our Galaxy

... unexpected orbits. Theories of planetary formation developed to explain the formation of our own Solar System predicted that they would not form so close to the central star, where temperatures are high, and where the amount of protoplanetary disc matter was believed to be small. A transit across th ...
The figure below shows what scientists over 1000 years ago thought
The figure below shows what scientists over 1000 years ago thought

... The Moon takes a longer time than any of the other satellites to orbit the Earth. Give one other way in which the Moon is different from the other satellites in the table. ...
DATA FROM CATALOGUES OF SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS IN
DATA FROM CATALOGUES OF SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS IN

The Stability of Exomoons in the Habitable Zone
The Stability of Exomoons in the Habitable Zone

... temperature of the star also plays a role. The latter is relevant because light of different wavelengths interact differently with the elements and compounds in the atmosphere, and as stars radiate like black bodies, the color of their light is highly temperature-dependant. The first step in this in ...
1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION

... within 3 AU is commonly accompanied by additional giant planets farther out, as demanded by dynamical evolution scenarios that involve mutual perturbations. Further Doppler measurements of existing and future planets can help ascertain the occurrence and character of multipleplanet systems. The broa ...
PDF only - at www.arxiv.org.
PDF only - at www.arxiv.org.

PHYS3380_110415_bw - The University of Texas at Dallas
PHYS3380_110415_bw - The University of Texas at Dallas

The Cosmic Perspective Our Galaxy
The Cosmic Perspective Our Galaxy

... 3.  Young stars flow out of spiral arms. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Chapter 16 - Follow “Ironmtn.wordpress.com”
Chapter 16 - Follow “Ironmtn.wordpress.com”

... 56. What is the long-range impact of space debris and rock falling to Earth each day? What is the impact of this same material in outer space to the space program? Ans: Answers will vary but should include information about foreign biological materials which could be found within meteorites, small i ...
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Document

Joint formation of QSOs and spheroids: QSOs as clocks of star
Joint formation of QSOs and spheroids: QSOs as clocks of star

... In the introduction we have reviewed several pieces of evidence suggesting that star formation begins in the hosting spheroids at a time t* and proceeds vigoursly at least until the time tQSO, when the QSO shines. Here we estimate the duration of the star formation phase and its possible dependence ...
Astro 6590: Galaxies and the Universe Astro
Astro 6590: Galaxies and the Universe Astro

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2 Galaxy morphology and classification

Chapter 17 Star Stuff Agenda How does a star`s mass affect nuclear
Chapter 17 Star Stuff Agenda How does a star`s mass affect nuclear

... • High-mass stars with >8MSun have short lives, eventually becoming hot enough to make iron, and end in supernova explosions • Low-mass stars with <2MSun have long lives, never become hot enough to fuse carbon nuclei, and end as white dwarfs • Intermediate mass stars can make elements heavier than c ...
Lecture26_Future
Lecture26_Future

Historical astronomy How Johannes Kepler Johannes
Historical astronomy How Johannes Kepler Johannes

PH607lec12
PH607lec12

... Merging galaxies look like train wrecks. Maybe they only look like train wrecks for a relatively short amount of time. Perhaps there are stabilizing forces, such as the galaxies' angular momentum and the large halos of dark matter that surround them, that help galaxies regain their orderly spiral s ...
Description of Pictures In the Dome
Description of Pictures In the Dome

... below Alnitak, the star farthest left on Orion's Belt, and is part of the much larger Orion Molecular Cloud Complex. It is approximately 1500 light years from Earth. It is one of the most identifiable nebulae because of the shape of its swirling cloud of dark dust and gases, which is similar to that ...
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Nebular hypothesis

The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System. It suggests that the Solar System formed from nebulous material. The theory was developed by Immanuel Kant and published in his Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heaven. Originally applied to our own Solar System, this process of planetary system formation is now thought to be at work throughout the universe. The widely accepted modern variant of the nebular hypothesis is the solar nebular disk model (SNDM) or simply solar nebular model. This nebular hypothesis offered explanations for a variety of properties of the Solar System, including the nearly circular and coplanar orbits of the planets, and their motion in the same direction as the Sun's rotation. Some elements of the nebular hypothesis are echoed in modern theories of planetary formation, but most elements have been superseded.According to the nebular hypothesis, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen—giant molecular clouds (GMC). These clouds are gravitationally unstable, and matter coalesces within them to smaller denser clumps, which then rotate, collapse, and form stars. Star formation is a complex process, which always produces a gaseous protoplanetary disk around the young star. This may give birth to planets in certain circumstances, which are not well known. Thus the formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A Sun-like star usually takes approximately 1 million years to form, with the protoplanetary disk evolving into a planetary system over the next 10-100 million years.The protoplanetary disk is an accretion disk that feeds the central star. Initially very hot, the disk later cools in what is known as the T tauri star stage; here, formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ice is possible. The grains eventually may coagulate into kilometer-sized planetesimals. If the disk is massive enough, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the rapid—100,000 to 300,000 years—formation of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos. Near the star, the planetary embryos go through a stage of violent mergers, producing a few terrestrial planets. The last stage takes approximately 100 million to a billion years.The formation of giant planets is a more complicated process. It is thought to occur beyond the so-called frost line, where planetary embryos mainly are made of various types of ice. As a result, they are several times more massive than in the inner part of the protoplanetary disk. What follows after the embryo formation is not completely clear. Some embryos appear to continue to grow and eventually reach 5–10 Earth masses—the threshold value, which is necessary to begin accretion of the hydrogen–helium gas from the disk. The accumulation of gas by the core is initially a slow process, which continues for several million years, but after the forming protoplanet reaches about 30 Earth masses (M⊕) it accelerates and proceeds in a runaway manner. Jupiter- and Saturn-like planets are thought to accumulate the bulk of their mass during only 10,000 years. The accretion stops when the gas is exhausted. The formed planets can migrate over long distances during or after their formation. Ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune are thought to be failed cores, which formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared.
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