Long?Term, Stable Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell
... months (n ¼ 8), 3 months (n ¼ 7), and 6 months (n ¼ 7). The number of cells grafted was based on a pilot experiment designed to optimize integration of graft with host tissues and to monitor tumorigenesis as a function of graft size (see supporting information data, pilot experiment, and supporting ...
... months (n ¼ 8), 3 months (n ¼ 7), and 6 months (n ¼ 7). The number of cells grafted was based on a pilot experiment designed to optimize integration of graft with host tissues and to monitor tumorigenesis as a function of graft size (see supporting information data, pilot experiment, and supporting ...
A"computational"approach"towards"the"ontogeny"of" mirror"neurons
... Gazzola (2014). This involves the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate activity in the premotor cortex (PM) and the superior temporal sulcus (STS). The PM coordinates self-performed actions, whereas the STS is a region known to respond to the sight of body movements and the sound of ...
... Gazzola (2014). This involves the use of an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate activity in the premotor cortex (PM) and the superior temporal sulcus (STS). The PM coordinates self-performed actions, whereas the STS is a region known to respond to the sight of body movements and the sound of ...
A comparison of the distribution and morphology of ChAT
... derived primarily from studies on small laboratory animals, while there is a complete lack of information concerning its structure in the pig. In the present study we employed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesteras ...
... derived primarily from studies on small laboratory animals, while there is a complete lack of information concerning its structure in the pig. In the present study we employed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesteras ...
Physiologically-Inspired Model for the Visual Tuning Properties of
... of three-dimensional structure, in particular from monocular image sequences, is a difficult computational problem. A large body of results on the recognition of static shapes suggests that the visual system might not reconstruct the full 3D structure of recognized objects. Instead, it seems to base ...
... of three-dimensional structure, in particular from monocular image sequences, is a difficult computational problem. A large body of results on the recognition of static shapes suggests that the visual system might not reconstruct the full 3D structure of recognized objects. Instead, it seems to base ...
Lecoq J, Savall J, Vucinic D, Grewe BF, Kim H, Li
... interactions across pairs of brain areas in a way that simultaneously provides cellular resolution within each area. Recent work has shown the feasibility of in vivo Ca2+ imaging within presynaptic axonal inputs originating from anatomically defined areas3, but it has not been feasible, to date, to ...
... interactions across pairs of brain areas in a way that simultaneously provides cellular resolution within each area. Recent work has shown the feasibility of in vivo Ca2+ imaging within presynaptic axonal inputs originating from anatomically defined areas3, but it has not been feasible, to date, to ...
Melting the Iceberg
... of a V1 simple cell are obtained by summing appropriately aligned LGN inputs (circles). (B) The orientation selectivity of membrane potential in response to stimuli of 50% contrast (green) and 5% contrast (red). The dashed line indicates the firing threshold (Vthresh). Vrest is the resting potential ...
... of a V1 simple cell are obtained by summing appropriately aligned LGN inputs (circles). (B) The orientation selectivity of membrane potential in response to stimuli of 50% contrast (green) and 5% contrast (red). The dashed line indicates the firing threshold (Vthresh). Vrest is the resting potential ...
Use of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus to
... those following nerve lesions, demonstrating that the MI has the intrinsic circuitry necessary to support reorganization, in which the intracortical horizontal connections play a decisive role (Sanes and Donoghue, 2000). Our earlier studies revealed that the motor cortices of both hemispheres, inter ...
... those following nerve lesions, demonstrating that the MI has the intrinsic circuitry necessary to support reorganization, in which the intracortical horizontal connections play a decisive role (Sanes and Donoghue, 2000). Our earlier studies revealed that the motor cortices of both hemispheres, inter ...
Mircea Steriade
... Shanghai, one every day, performing (rather bad) impalements of visual cortex neurons, which oscillated when the lateral geniculate nucleus was stimulated (one of those recordings is in my 1968 Brain Research paper on flash-evoked after-discharges). Chang taught me how to enter the thalamus without ...
... Shanghai, one every day, performing (rather bad) impalements of visual cortex neurons, which oscillated when the lateral geniculate nucleus was stimulated (one of those recordings is in my 1968 Brain Research paper on flash-evoked after-discharges). Chang taught me how to enter the thalamus without ...
- Wiley Online Library
... neuropathological conditions, as irregular cellular proteolysis of physiologically important neuronal proteins has severe consequences for the integrity of neuronal structure and function. The disorder or breakdown of the endosomal/lysosomal proteolytic system has also been suggested to be of pathol ...
... neuropathological conditions, as irregular cellular proteolysis of physiologically important neuronal proteins has severe consequences for the integrity of neuronal structure and function. The disorder or breakdown of the endosomal/lysosomal proteolytic system has also been suggested to be of pathol ...
Quantitative morphological changes in neurons from the dorsal
... values ranging from 0 to 1, the latter being the definition of a sphere. Our results show that there are no significant changes in somata and nuclear size between the ages of 3 and 24 months. However, between the 24th and the 30th months, an important increase in all these parameters is observed (P ...
... values ranging from 0 to 1, the latter being the definition of a sphere. Our results show that there are no significant changes in somata and nuclear size between the ages of 3 and 24 months. However, between the 24th and the 30th months, an important increase in all these parameters is observed (P ...
Nerve Pathways: Functions, Lesions and Adhesions D.Robbins
... Motor Neurons • Motor neurons are split into two groups: Upper and Lower motor neurons. • Upper motor neurons originate in the motor region of the cerebral cortex of the brain stem and carry motor information down to the final common pathway, that is, any motor neurons that are not directly respons ...
... Motor Neurons • Motor neurons are split into two groups: Upper and Lower motor neurons. • Upper motor neurons originate in the motor region of the cerebral cortex of the brain stem and carry motor information down to the final common pathway, that is, any motor neurons that are not directly respons ...
PhD Thesis - Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Development
... The process leading the anterior neural plate to the specification of pallial and subpallial territories implies the determination and the specification of telencephalic identities along the R-C and D-V axis. At E7 the early R-C patterning of the anterior neural tissue (anterior neural induction) i ...
... The process leading the anterior neural plate to the specification of pallial and subpallial territories implies the determination and the specification of telencephalic identities along the R-C and D-V axis. At E7 the early R-C patterning of the anterior neural tissue (anterior neural induction) i ...
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... detectors”, such as those found in the superior central sulcus in the ventral visual pathway [2]. How the brain creates prediction signals in general relates to the fundamental question of how the brain represents time. Buonomano [4] discussed the two prevalent views of how this may be – “labeled li ...
... detectors”, such as those found in the superior central sulcus in the ventral visual pathway [2]. How the brain creates prediction signals in general relates to the fundamental question of how the brain represents time. Buonomano [4] discussed the two prevalent views of how this may be – “labeled li ...
Identified Serotonergic Neurons LCBI and RCBI in the Cerebral
... cells. CBl neurons were identified as described above. An LE sensory cell and a follower neuron (usually an LFS motor neuron) were then impaled. Follower neurons were hyperpolarized by 30 mV to prevent spiking. The LE cell was stimulated intracellularly with a brief current pulse causing it to 6re a ...
... cells. CBl neurons were identified as described above. An LE sensory cell and a follower neuron (usually an LFS motor neuron) were then impaled. Follower neurons were hyperpolarized by 30 mV to prevent spiking. The LE cell was stimulated intracellularly with a brief current pulse causing it to 6re a ...
Roles for miRNAs in Timing Developmental Progression Within
... a certain level of maturity or connectivity. However, additional regulatory mechanisms likely influence miRNA levels in neurons because only a subset of miRNAs appear to be subject to this rapid turnover, and only a subset of neurons display this increased rate of miRNA turnover. Target mRNA levels ...
... a certain level of maturity or connectivity. However, additional regulatory mechanisms likely influence miRNA levels in neurons because only a subset of miRNAs appear to be subject to this rapid turnover, and only a subset of neurons display this increased rate of miRNA turnover. Target mRNA levels ...
The expression of XIF3 in undifferentiated anterior neuroectoderm
... that is diffuse, affecting all cells in a particular area, rather than the punctate staining associated with the primary neuron stripes. This type of XIF3expression is seen in the presumptive midbrain either side of, but not including, the midline and in the neuroectoderm at the anterior end of the ...
... that is diffuse, affecting all cells in a particular area, rather than the punctate staining associated with the primary neuron stripes. This type of XIF3expression is seen in the presumptive midbrain either side of, but not including, the midline and in the neuroectoderm at the anterior end of the ...
Structural changes of the human superior cervical
... (black asterisks) and a single nonapoptotic neuron (black arrowhead) among them were seen in the old control sympathetic ganglion (c). Meanwhile, almost all apoptotic and shrunken sympathetic neurons and apoptotic glial cells were found in the SCG of stroke subject (d). apoptotic cell death in human ...
... (black asterisks) and a single nonapoptotic neuron (black arrowhead) among them were seen in the old control sympathetic ganglion (c). Meanwhile, almost all apoptotic and shrunken sympathetic neurons and apoptotic glial cells were found in the SCG of stroke subject (d). apoptotic cell death in human ...
Mechanisms to synchronize neuronal activity
... preferred direction of the neuron from the opposite direction (Newsome et al. 1989). Although these experiments do not necessarily imply that single neurons are decisive (Shadlen et al. 1996; Parker and Newsome 1998), they have further strengthened the view that the relevant analysis of physiologica ...
... preferred direction of the neuron from the opposite direction (Newsome et al. 1989). Although these experiments do not necessarily imply that single neurons are decisive (Shadlen et al. 1996; Parker and Newsome 1998), they have further strengthened the view that the relevant analysis of physiologica ...
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila
... the brain. Here we use the MARCM method5 to perform a systematic clonal analysis of projection neurons, allowing us to correlate lineage and birth time of projection neurons with their glomerular choice. We demonstrate that projection neurons are prespeci®ed by lineage and birth order to form a syna ...
... the brain. Here we use the MARCM method5 to perform a systematic clonal analysis of projection neurons, allowing us to correlate lineage and birth time of projection neurons with their glomerular choice. We demonstrate that projection neurons are prespeci®ed by lineage and birth order to form a syna ...
Visual circuits in flies: beginning to see the whole picture
... (Hassentein and Reichardt Correlator: HRC) by examining the optomotor response of the beetle Chlorophanus, that is, its tendency to rotate with the visual field to maintain a straight heading in its perceived environment [13]. Drosophila also displays a very robust optomotor behavior [12], which has ...
... (Hassentein and Reichardt Correlator: HRC) by examining the optomotor response of the beetle Chlorophanus, that is, its tendency to rotate with the visual field to maintain a straight heading in its perceived environment [13]. Drosophila also displays a very robust optomotor behavior [12], which has ...
REM-off
... (e.g., NE, HA, ACh, DA, 5-HT). That is, the neuromodulator may change the ‘functional anatomy’ of the brain. For example, when neuron A (presynaptic), having fired an action potential, releases the neurotransmitter glutamate onto neuron B (postsynaptic), ionotropic receptors are activated resulting ...
... (e.g., NE, HA, ACh, DA, 5-HT). That is, the neuromodulator may change the ‘functional anatomy’ of the brain. For example, when neuron A (presynaptic), having fired an action potential, releases the neurotransmitter glutamate onto neuron B (postsynaptic), ionotropic receptors are activated resulting ...
action potential
... conditions and transmit information along sensory neurons Sensory information is sent to the brain or ganglia, where interneurons integrate the information Motor output leaves the brain or ganglia via motor neurons, which trigger muscle or gland activity ...
... conditions and transmit information along sensory neurons Sensory information is sent to the brain or ganglia, where interneurons integrate the information Motor output leaves the brain or ganglia via motor neurons, which trigger muscle or gland activity ...