The Action Potential, Synaptic Transmission, and Maintenance of
... dendrites and the soma. These properties include membrane conductance and capacitance. The movement of ions across the nerve membrane is driven by ionic concentration and electrical gradients (see Chapter 2). The ease with which ions flow across the membrane through their channels is a measure of th ...
... dendrites and the soma. These properties include membrane conductance and capacitance. The movement of ions across the nerve membrane is driven by ionic concentration and electrical gradients (see Chapter 2). The ease with which ions flow across the membrane through their channels is a measure of th ...
Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole`s Human Anatomy and Physiology
... calcium and bicarbonate ions and lesser concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate ions. 2. The blood plasma fraction of extracellular fluid contains considerably more protein than interstitial fluid or lymph. 3. Intracellular fluid has high concentrations of potassium, phosphate ...
... calcium and bicarbonate ions and lesser concentrations of potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate ions. 2. The blood plasma fraction of extracellular fluid contains considerably more protein than interstitial fluid or lymph. 3. Intracellular fluid has high concentrations of potassium, phosphate ...
Chapter 7 - Faculty Web Sites
... Nerve Impulses When a neuron is not conducting a nerve impulse, it is in a resting state There is a slight difference in charge across the membrane, which is called the resting potential The inner surface of the membrane is about 70 mV more negative than the outer surface There are more sod ...
... Nerve Impulses When a neuron is not conducting a nerve impulse, it is in a resting state There is a slight difference in charge across the membrane, which is called the resting potential The inner surface of the membrane is about 70 mV more negative than the outer surface There are more sod ...
Chapter 2: Introduction to Physiology of Perception
... neurons. • Recording electrode is inside the nerve fiber. • Reference electrode is outside the fiber. ...
... neurons. • Recording electrode is inside the nerve fiber. • Reference electrode is outside the fiber. ...
Action potentials
... • Cell is more permeable to K+, thus K+ ions can move more freely • In an attempt to establish equilibrium, K+ will move outside the cell • Sodium-potassium pump actively transports K+ into and Na+ out of the cell to maintain the RMP • RMP is maintained at –70mV ...
... • Cell is more permeable to K+, thus K+ ions can move more freely • In an attempt to establish equilibrium, K+ will move outside the cell • Sodium-potassium pump actively transports K+ into and Na+ out of the cell to maintain the RMP • RMP is maintained at –70mV ...
Document
... the outside, around -70 mV – Due in part to the activity of the sodiumpotassium pump ...
... the outside, around -70 mV – Due in part to the activity of the sodiumpotassium pump ...
Synapses and Synaptic Transmission
... At the synapse, the membrane of postsynaptic neuron contains large number of receptor proteins. ...
... At the synapse, the membrane of postsynaptic neuron contains large number of receptor proteins. ...
motor unit
... weak contraction called a “twitch” Greater tension can be produced by repeated stimulation of the muscle fiber before it relaxes. Two twitches from two action potentials add together or sum to produce greater tension. This twitch summation is similar to temporal summation of EPSPs at the postsynapti ...
... weak contraction called a “twitch” Greater tension can be produced by repeated stimulation of the muscle fiber before it relaxes. Two twitches from two action potentials add together or sum to produce greater tension. This twitch summation is similar to temporal summation of EPSPs at the postsynapti ...
The synapse.
... chemical synapses • 1) Conduction velocities are far to quick for ordinary metabolic activity (against). • Loew’s study with the two hearts ...
... chemical synapses • 1) Conduction velocities are far to quick for ordinary metabolic activity (against). • Loew’s study with the two hearts ...
Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters
... • Action potential ≠ local potential in several important ways: – Local potential = graded potential- it varies in magnitude depending on strength of stimulus that produced it; action potential is ungraded – Action potential obeys all or none law: occurs at full strength or not at all – Action poten ...
... • Action potential ≠ local potential in several important ways: – Local potential = graded potential- it varies in magnitude depending on strength of stimulus that produced it; action potential is ungraded – Action potential obeys all or none law: occurs at full strength or not at all – Action poten ...
Sensory input: Sensory structures, classification by function
... gustatory microvilli, changing its membrane potential and causing the release of a neurotransmitter 4. there are at least 5 types of gustatory membrane receptors: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (detects glutamate, which is present in high protein foods such as meat) 5. the neurotransmitter in ...
... gustatory microvilli, changing its membrane potential and causing the release of a neurotransmitter 4. there are at least 5 types of gustatory membrane receptors: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (detects glutamate, which is present in high protein foods such as meat) 5. the neurotransmitter in ...
AP Biology Study Guide
... 1. Explain how spinal cords may be injured and the current medical approaches to repairing the damage. ...
... 1. Explain how spinal cords may be injured and the current medical approaches to repairing the damage. ...
biopsychology-2-synaptic-transmission
... • Can you think of any examples from the biological approach? ...
... • Can you think of any examples from the biological approach? ...
Action potential - Solon City Schools
... pressure or chemical messages (neurotransmitters) from other neurons. 2. Signals from other neurons are either ...
... pressure or chemical messages (neurotransmitters) from other neurons. 2. Signals from other neurons are either ...
PowerLecture: Chapter 13
... separately and together as a system. Describe the distribution of the invisible array of proteins, ions, and other molecules in a neuron, both at rest and as a neuron experiences a change in potential. Understand how a nerve impulse is received by a neuron, conducted along a neuron, and transmitted ...
... separately and together as a system. Describe the distribution of the invisible array of proteins, ions, and other molecules in a neuron, both at rest and as a neuron experiences a change in potential. Understand how a nerve impulse is received by a neuron, conducted along a neuron, and transmitted ...
Nerve Tissue
... – when rising membrane potential passes 0 mV, Na+ gates are inactivated • when all closed, the voltage peaks at about +30 mV • membrane now positive on the inside and negative on the outside • polarity reversed from RMP - depolarization – by the time the voltage peaks, the slow K+ gates are fully op ...
... – when rising membrane potential passes 0 mV, Na+ gates are inactivated • when all closed, the voltage peaks at about +30 mV • membrane now positive on the inside and negative on the outside • polarity reversed from RMP - depolarization – by the time the voltage peaks, the slow K+ gates are fully op ...
Answers to Mastering Concepts Questions
... potential? How does the membrane restore its resting potential? Once enough sodium enters to depolarize the trigger zone’s membrane to the threshold potential (about -50 mV), additional sodium channels open, triggering an action potential. Repolarization occurs when sodium channels close and potassi ...
... potential? How does the membrane restore its resting potential? Once enough sodium enters to depolarize the trigger zone’s membrane to the threshold potential (about -50 mV), additional sodium channels open, triggering an action potential. Repolarization occurs when sodium channels close and potassi ...
Lesson Plan
... Rationale: This lesson introduces the action potential, the process by which axons signal electrically. Since the concepts involved in explaining the action potential can be quite abstract, this lesson uses analogies and a model to demonstrate the concepts. This is one of two lessons that introduces ...
... Rationale: This lesson introduces the action potential, the process by which axons signal electrically. Since the concepts involved in explaining the action potential can be quite abstract, this lesson uses analogies and a model to demonstrate the concepts. This is one of two lessons that introduces ...
Neurobiology
... their own. In all cells transport of ions, as well as some small molecules, is carried out by channels, which are very tiny openings in the membrane formed by protein pores. These channels are often gated — that is, opened or closed — depending on the conditions of the cell. When open, the ions can ...
... their own. In all cells transport of ions, as well as some small molecules, is carried out by channels, which are very tiny openings in the membrane formed by protein pores. These channels are often gated — that is, opened or closed — depending on the conditions of the cell. When open, the ions can ...
1) Propagated electrical signals - UW Canvas
... 2) Fast chemical transmission at chemical synapses electrical to chemical to electrical ...
... 2) Fast chemical transmission at chemical synapses electrical to chemical to electrical ...
Neural Basis of Motor Control
... fibers to which it connects contracts. – Greater the number of motor units activated (recruitment), the greater the amount of force the muscle can exert. ...
... fibers to which it connects contracts. – Greater the number of motor units activated (recruitment), the greater the amount of force the muscle can exert. ...
Chapter 12
... At the Resting Potential—the activation gates of the voltage-gated sodium channels are closed. At the Refractory Period—the membrane does not respond to additional depolarizing stimuli from the time an action potential begins until the normal resting membrane potential has stabilized. At the Absolu ...
... At the Resting Potential—the activation gates of the voltage-gated sodium channels are closed. At the Refractory Period—the membrane does not respond to additional depolarizing stimuli from the time an action potential begins until the normal resting membrane potential has stabilized. At the Absolu ...
Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
... tectorial membrane is attached to the outer hair cell cilia When sound waves move the basilar and tectorial membranes, the cilia bend in one direction or the other Shear of the cilia generates a receptor potential that releases a neurotransmitter ...
... tectorial membrane is attached to the outer hair cell cilia When sound waves move the basilar and tectorial membranes, the cilia bend in one direction or the other Shear of the cilia generates a receptor potential that releases a neurotransmitter ...
File: Chap011, Chapter 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue
... Which of the following is true? A) The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to Na+ than K+. B) The resting membrane potential never reaches an equilibrium point. C) The resting membrane potential is proportional to the tendency for K+ to diffuse out of the cell. D) Negatively charged Cl- ions a ...
... Which of the following is true? A) The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to Na+ than K+. B) The resting membrane potential never reaches an equilibrium point. C) The resting membrane potential is proportional to the tendency for K+ to diffuse out of the cell. D) Negatively charged Cl- ions a ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).