Cognition: An Overview of Neuroimaging Techniques
... trials within an individual and to state that on trials in which the subject made an error, activation was lower in this region than on trials in which the subject performed correctly. Thus, functional brain imaging techniques can be used to characterize a region’s contribution to specific cognitive ...
... trials within an individual and to state that on trials in which the subject made an error, activation was lower in this region than on trials in which the subject performed correctly. Thus, functional brain imaging techniques can be used to characterize a region’s contribution to specific cognitive ...
Mitochondrial DNA deletions are abundant and
... highly nonuniform manner among different tissues and within the same tissue, particularly among different areas of the brain5,6. Some brain areas have been reported to sustain a few orders of magnitude more deletions than others. It is tempting to hypothesize that mtDNA mutations, although rare on a ...
... highly nonuniform manner among different tissues and within the same tissue, particularly among different areas of the brain5,6. Some brain areas have been reported to sustain a few orders of magnitude more deletions than others. It is tempting to hypothesize that mtDNA mutations, although rare on a ...
Biopsychology – Paper 2
... its axon, it has travelled as an action potential, or a pulse of electricity. However, there is no cellular continuity between one neuron and the next; there is a gap called synapse. The membranes of the sending and receiving cells are separated from each other by the fluid-filled synaptic gap. The ...
... its axon, it has travelled as an action potential, or a pulse of electricity. However, there is no cellular continuity between one neuron and the next; there is a gap called synapse. The membranes of the sending and receiving cells are separated from each other by the fluid-filled synaptic gap. The ...
morphometric parameters of the structures of the medulla oblongata
... weeks is the same to the one in adult and the motor nuclei is presented by differentiated neurons, which also confirmed by our research. Significantly different sizes of neurons of nuclei of hypoglossal nerve in fetuses of 17-18 weeks of prenatal development are not described in the available scient ...
... weeks is the same to the one in adult and the motor nuclei is presented by differentiated neurons, which also confirmed by our research. Significantly different sizes of neurons of nuclei of hypoglossal nerve in fetuses of 17-18 weeks of prenatal development are not described in the available scient ...
Placebo
... associative somatonsensory cortices Ultimately these regions project back to brainstem, prefrontal, limbic system, and thalamus ...
... associative somatonsensory cortices Ultimately these regions project back to brainstem, prefrontal, limbic system, and thalamus ...
Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... labeled a small population of glial cells (Figure S1A available online), while the majority of cells expressing Shh protein appeared to be pyramidal neurons (Figures S1B–S1D). This was surprising due to the high level of expression and large number of Shh lineage cells found in the mantle zone of th ...
... labeled a small population of glial cells (Figure S1A available online), while the majority of cells expressing Shh protein appeared to be pyramidal neurons (Figures S1B–S1D). This was surprising due to the high level of expression and large number of Shh lineage cells found in the mantle zone of th ...
Resting Potential
... chemically gated channels (as opposed to those that are voltage-gated & are involved in sending A.P.) • Changes in chem. gated channels create local changes called synaptic potentials (a small, temporary change in the potential charge of a neuron) • They allow one neuron to influence another ...
... chemically gated channels (as opposed to those that are voltage-gated & are involved in sending A.P.) • Changes in chem. gated channels create local changes called synaptic potentials (a small, temporary change in the potential charge of a neuron) • They allow one neuron to influence another ...
Specific synapses develop preferentially among sister excitatory
... neurons in the mouse neocortex by in utero intraventricular injection of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing retroviruses around the onset of the peak phase of neocortical neurogenesis. Multiple-electrode whole-cell recordings were performed to probe synapse formation among these EG ...
... neurons in the mouse neocortex by in utero intraventricular injection of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing retroviruses around the onset of the peak phase of neocortical neurogenesis. Multiple-electrode whole-cell recordings were performed to probe synapse formation among these EG ...
Olfactory Coding in the Honeybee Lateral Horn
... including floral and pheromonal compounds, and that neural activity evoked by these odorants reflects an odor-specific code as they elicit different spatial activity maps. Comparison of the coding principles between AL and LH shows a strong conservation of response intensity and odor-similarity rela ...
... including floral and pheromonal compounds, and that neural activity evoked by these odorants reflects an odor-specific code as they elicit different spatial activity maps. Comparison of the coding principles between AL and LH shows a strong conservation of response intensity and odor-similarity rela ...
Phase IIB / PHGY 825 Organization of the Brain Stem Organization
... The coordination of orofacial motor responses involves the lateral medullary and pontine reticular formation: • Chewing is coordinated by neurons near the trigeminal motor nucleus. • Lip movements are coordinated by neurons near the facial motor nucleus. • Movements of the tongue are coordinated by ...
... The coordination of orofacial motor responses involves the lateral medullary and pontine reticular formation: • Chewing is coordinated by neurons near the trigeminal motor nucleus. • Lip movements are coordinated by neurons near the facial motor nucleus. • Movements of the tongue are coordinated by ...
Motor System: Motor Neurons
... • Sherrington – Motor systems are the only way we can understand what is happening in the nervous system ...
... • Sherrington – Motor systems are the only way we can understand what is happening in the nervous system ...
Design Features in Vertebrate Sensory Systems
... tations of the lateral line receptor sheet, Central representations of variables of this one each for ordinary lateral line receptors sort would have to differ from the examples discussed in the previous section: they and electroreceptors (Knudsen, 1977). A third property of sensory structures is wo ...
... tations of the lateral line receptor sheet, Central representations of variables of this one each for ordinary lateral line receptors sort would have to differ from the examples discussed in the previous section: they and electroreceptors (Knudsen, 1977). A third property of sensory structures is wo ...
Artificial Neural Network Architectures and Training
... In these networks, the outputs of the neurons are used as feedback inputs for other neurons. The feedback feature qualifies these networks for dynamic information processing, meaning that they can be employed on time-variant systems, such as time series prediction, system identification and optimizati ...
... In these networks, the outputs of the neurons are used as feedback inputs for other neurons. The feedback feature qualifies these networks for dynamic information processing, meaning that they can be employed on time-variant systems, such as time series prediction, system identification and optimizati ...
Modeling the role of mossy fiber input to CA3 objectives: extended model of Cerasti and Treves
... square meter) searching for food. In these tasks, the principal cells in the hippocampus demonstrate spatially-specific firing patterns within a single environment [8]. Typically a pyramidal cell in the CA1 or CA3 subregion has a single ”place field,” a connected area in which the maximum firing rat ...
... square meter) searching for food. In these tasks, the principal cells in the hippocampus demonstrate spatially-specific firing patterns within a single environment [8]. Typically a pyramidal cell in the CA1 or CA3 subregion has a single ”place field,” a connected area in which the maximum firing rat ...
Studies of the Role of the Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation
... function of the component amplitude along a projection plane of 191°, the best direction for this cell. The scatter of points about the line of best fit is reduced, and the correlation coefficient increases from 0.89 to 0.94. TABLE 1 presents results of the “best direction” analysis for 18 PPRF SLBN ...
... function of the component amplitude along a projection plane of 191°, the best direction for this cell. The scatter of points about the line of best fit is reduced, and the correlation coefficient increases from 0.89 to 0.94. TABLE 1 presents results of the “best direction” analysis for 18 PPRF SLBN ...
A Primer on Neurobiology and the Brain for Information Systems
... of humans with otherwise abnormal characteristics. Here, we describe selected foundational concepts from the study of genetics, with the goal of introducing basic concepts that instigate further examination of specialized literature. The question of how nature and nurture contribute to the manifesta ...
... of humans with otherwise abnormal characteristics. Here, we describe selected foundational concepts from the study of genetics, with the goal of introducing basic concepts that instigate further examination of specialized literature. The question of how nature and nurture contribute to the manifesta ...
MCB 163: Mammalian Neuroanatomy
... cord to α motoneurons and which are responsible for rapid and precise muscle contractions and powerful movements, especially of the distal extremities; often damage by stroke, these neurons arise from motor and sensory cortex in the contralateral hemisphere and are unique to primates. 10. SPINOCEREB ...
... cord to α motoneurons and which are responsible for rapid and precise muscle contractions and powerful movements, especially of the distal extremities; often damage by stroke, these neurons arise from motor and sensory cortex in the contralateral hemisphere and are unique to primates. 10. SPINOCEREB ...
P312 Ch05_PerceivingObjectsII
... whole visual field. In this theory, each neuron responds not to what’s at a particular place, but instead to what’s happening across the whole visual field – what kind of a pattern is distributed across the visual field. Such neurons would be labeled spatial frequency detectors. Each such a pattern ...
... whole visual field. In this theory, each neuron responds not to what’s at a particular place, but instead to what’s happening across the whole visual field – what kind of a pattern is distributed across the visual field. Such neurons would be labeled spatial frequency detectors. Each such a pattern ...
Sensory System
... DESCENDING SENSORY Connection: Descending Sensory fibers go from Sensory Cortex ------> Thalamus ------> Dorsal Column Nuclei. They may serve a role in adaptation or filtering repetitive stimuli, but function is unsure. ...
... DESCENDING SENSORY Connection: Descending Sensory fibers go from Sensory Cortex ------> Thalamus ------> Dorsal Column Nuclei. They may serve a role in adaptation or filtering repetitive stimuli, but function is unsure. ...
Unit-III-The-Nervous-and-Endocrine-Systems
... Volunteer work is done by choice, so the body’s (or soma’s) voluntary actions are controlled by this nervous system. ...
... Volunteer work is done by choice, so the body’s (or soma’s) voluntary actions are controlled by this nervous system. ...
control of body movement
... Analgesic drugs can be subdivided into 2 main categories: i) morphine-like drugs, which act on the CNS; and ii) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 1) Morphine like drugs are a diverse group of compounds that include morphine, heroine, and codeine. Bind to opoid receptors (of which there ...
... Analgesic drugs can be subdivided into 2 main categories: i) morphine-like drugs, which act on the CNS; and ii) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 1) Morphine like drugs are a diverse group of compounds that include morphine, heroine, and codeine. Bind to opoid receptors (of which there ...
PDF 2
... the GPi results in significant contralateral antiparkinsonian effects and significantly reduces drug-induced involuntary movements. Unfortunately, pallidotomy cannot be performed bilaterally because of a high incidence of lesion-induced dysarthria. An alternative lesioning procedure, subthalamotomy, ...
... the GPi results in significant contralateral antiparkinsonian effects and significantly reduces drug-induced involuntary movements. Unfortunately, pallidotomy cannot be performed bilaterally because of a high incidence of lesion-induced dysarthria. An alternative lesioning procedure, subthalamotomy, ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Appetite Regulation
... GLP-1 is produced from a large precursor peptide preproglucagon in L cells of the ileum and colon. GLP-1 is secreted to systemic circulation where it is rapidly inactivated by DPP-4 [46]. Thus, the half-life of plasma GLP-1 is about 1 to 2 minutes. According to a recent meta-analysis [47], intraveno ...
... GLP-1 is produced from a large precursor peptide preproglucagon in L cells of the ileum and colon. GLP-1 is secreted to systemic circulation where it is rapidly inactivated by DPP-4 [46]. Thus, the half-life of plasma GLP-1 is about 1 to 2 minutes. According to a recent meta-analysis [47], intraveno ...
Environmental Causes of Central Nervous System Maldevelopment
... milieu of developing neurons can have unexpected effects. Release of corticosterone initiates the handling effect, but how this ultimately alters the brain remains unclear, because the event has so many effects on so many parts of the CNS (reviewed by Champagne and Meaney46). However, there are surp ...
... milieu of developing neurons can have unexpected effects. Release of corticosterone initiates the handling effect, but how this ultimately alters the brain remains unclear, because the event has so many effects on so many parts of the CNS (reviewed by Champagne and Meaney46). However, there are surp ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.