Cold-water coral
... carbonate mounds up to 300m in height 1. Although octocorals are not reef-forming, they can form complex single- or multi-species assemblages, particularly in combination with the other three groups of cold-water corals. They are certainly unique ecosystems in terms of being ‘ecosystem engineers’ th ...
... carbonate mounds up to 300m in height 1. Although octocorals are not reef-forming, they can form complex single- or multi-species assemblages, particularly in combination with the other three groups of cold-water corals. They are certainly unique ecosystems in terms of being ‘ecosystem engineers’ th ...
Bottomland hardwoods description
... types of hardwood forests. They are generally found along the edges of lakes and rivers and in sinkholes. Bottomland forests represent a transition between drier upland hardwood forest and very wet river floodplain and wetland forests. While trees and plants in the bottomland hardwood forest cannot ...
... types of hardwood forests. They are generally found along the edges of lakes and rivers and in sinkholes. Bottomland forests represent a transition between drier upland hardwood forest and very wet river floodplain and wetland forests. While trees and plants in the bottomland hardwood forest cannot ...
Economic and socio-cultural priorities for marine conservation
... In keeping with the observational, alienation and perceptual hurdles discussed above, it has been argued that society’s relationship to the sea is largely defined in terms of the resources it provides, particularly in relation to the importance of sea fish (Cole-King 1995). Fishing is of very high e ...
... In keeping with the observational, alienation and perceptual hurdles discussed above, it has been argued that society’s relationship to the sea is largely defined in terms of the resources it provides, particularly in relation to the importance of sea fish (Cole-King 1995). Fishing is of very high e ...
Our Biodiverse City - eThekwini Municipality
... need to recognise that our activities are destroying valuable ecosystems and threatening the continued existence of thousands of species. Many of us do not understand that it is these very species and ecosystems, the biodiversity of our planet, which supports life on earth by providing critical good ...
... need to recognise that our activities are destroying valuable ecosystems and threatening the continued existence of thousands of species. Many of us do not understand that it is these very species and ecosystems, the biodiversity of our planet, which supports life on earth by providing critical good ...
assessment
... Habitat loss and over-collection for the pet trade are the principal threats to this species. It is believed that the species is currently being unsustainably collected, and because of the apparently low fecundity of this species, the possibility exists that over-harvesting might lead to localized p ...
... Habitat loss and over-collection for the pet trade are the principal threats to this species. It is believed that the species is currently being unsustainably collected, and because of the apparently low fecundity of this species, the possibility exists that over-harvesting might lead to localized p ...
Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production as An
... of species-areatheory (37), which relies on the theory of islandbiogeography by MacArthur and Wilson (39). The core of this theory is that the number of species on an island is a steady state between immigration (and speciation) and extinction, and the bigger the island, the greater a number of spec ...
... of species-areatheory (37), which relies on the theory of islandbiogeography by MacArthur and Wilson (39). The core of this theory is that the number of species on an island is a steady state between immigration (and speciation) and extinction, and the bigger the island, the greater a number of spec ...
Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem
... deviance. We include this variable in the supplementary online material but except for a single case (see below) the only reported dependent variable in the present paper is effect size per se. ...
... deviance. We include this variable in the supplementary online material but except for a single case (see below) the only reported dependent variable in the present paper is effect size per se. ...
national 4 and national 5 biology homework
... 1. Give an example of an organic fertiliser. 2. Excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems (often caused by fertiliser runoff from farmland) causes algal blooms. What is the term for this process? 3. Write a sentence to describe what happens to dead algae in a pond using the words ‘bacteria’, ‘decomposi ...
... 1. Give an example of an organic fertiliser. 2. Excess nutrients in aquatic ecosystems (often caused by fertiliser runoff from farmland) causes algal blooms. What is the term for this process? 3. Write a sentence to describe what happens to dead algae in a pond using the words ‘bacteria’, ‘decomposi ...
page proofs oofs
... living community and the non-living physical surroundings but also the interactions both within the community and between the community and its nonliving surroundings. We can develop an understanding of the concept of an ecosystem using an analogy with a hockey game. A hockey game has a ‘living part ...
... living community and the non-living physical surroundings but also the interactions both within the community and between the community and its nonliving surroundings. We can develop an understanding of the concept of an ecosystem using an analogy with a hockey game. A hockey game has a ‘living part ...
Biodiversity and ecosystem health
... Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the term given to the variety of life on earth and the natural patterns it forms. This diversity is often understood in terms of the wide variety of plants, animals and micro-organisms but also includes genetic differences within each species. Another aspect ...
... Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the term given to the variety of life on earth and the natural patterns it forms. This diversity is often understood in terms of the wide variety of plants, animals and micro-organisms but also includes genetic differences within each species. Another aspect ...
TRADITIONAL SUCCESSION AND CLIMAX CONCEPTS
... Kimmins: “Ecological succession is the process by which a series of different plant communities and associated animals and microbes successively occupy and replace each other over time in a particular ecosystem or landscape location following a disturbance to that ecosystem.” Spurr and Barnes: "Succ ...
... Kimmins: “Ecological succession is the process by which a series of different plant communities and associated animals and microbes successively occupy and replace each other over time in a particular ecosystem or landscape location following a disturbance to that ecosystem.” Spurr and Barnes: "Succ ...
uncorrected page proofs
... living community and the non-living physical surroundings but also the interactions both within the community and between the community and its nonliving surroundings. We can develop an understanding of the concept of an ecosystem using an analogy with a hockey game. A hockey game has a ‘living part ...
... living community and the non-living physical surroundings but also the interactions both within the community and between the community and its nonliving surroundings. We can develop an understanding of the concept of an ecosystem using an analogy with a hockey game. A hockey game has a ‘living part ...
Wolf & Deer Populations
... The article below was written in response to an article entitled "Let all predators become extinct." Predators Contribute to a Stable Ecosystem In nature, energy flows in only one direction. Transfer of energy must occur in an ecosystem because all life needs energy to live, and only certain organis ...
... The article below was written in response to an article entitled "Let all predators become extinct." Predators Contribute to a Stable Ecosystem In nature, energy flows in only one direction. Transfer of energy must occur in an ecosystem because all life needs energy to live, and only certain organis ...
Relationships Among Living Things A. Organizing Ecosystems
... 1. One of the most common ways organisms interact in a community is by being food for another organism, as shown in the picture. 2. Organisms will compete for any resource that is in limited supply. ...
... 1. One of the most common ways organisms interact in a community is by being food for another organism, as shown in the picture. 2. Organisms will compete for any resource that is in limited supply. ...
Trophic Levels - davis.k12.ut.us
... • Plant Primary producer • Grasshopper Primary consumer • Bird Secondary consumer • Snake Tertiary consumer • Owl Quaternary consumer (apex predator) ...
... • Plant Primary producer • Grasshopper Primary consumer • Bird Secondary consumer • Snake Tertiary consumer • Owl Quaternary consumer (apex predator) ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Patterns of Succession
... persistant over very long periods of time • Idea of climax community controversial these days because of recognition of role of disturbance – Shifting mosaic steady state model: • Majority of patches in habitat in some stage of recovering from disturbance • Landscape is in a steady-state because rou ...
... persistant over very long periods of time • Idea of climax community controversial these days because of recognition of role of disturbance – Shifting mosaic steady state model: • Majority of patches in habitat in some stage of recovering from disturbance • Landscape is in a steady-state because rou ...
Chapter 10 - Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems CHAPTER
... classification rather than natural units clearly defined in the field. They are not emergent units, but merely comprise plant species that coexist at a given point in space and time. ...
... classification rather than natural units clearly defined in the field. They are not emergent units, but merely comprise plant species that coexist at a given point in space and time. ...
A complex adaptive systems approach
... efficient species will exclude others by competition (sampling effect sensu Tilman et al. 1997). In this case there is no complementarity, and for any given environmental condition there exists only one single optimal value of the trait (for example the lowest resource level that sustains positive g ...
... efficient species will exclude others by competition (sampling effect sensu Tilman et al. 1997). In this case there is no complementarity, and for any given environmental condition there exists only one single optimal value of the trait (for example the lowest resource level that sustains positive g ...
Common sense in fisheries management: the ecosystem
... require that all impacts of fisheries on marine ecosystems should be assessed and managed while taking into consideration the social, economic and governance aspects. This entails the adoption of a true “systemic” approach to fisheries management that considers fisheries as socio-ecological systems ...
... require that all impacts of fisheries on marine ecosystems should be assessed and managed while taking into consideration the social, economic and governance aspects. This entails the adoption of a true “systemic” approach to fisheries management that considers fisheries as socio-ecological systems ...
File
... birds and more during winter (drought) months. • Plants piled beside “gator holes” decay to form soil in which seeds from other plants germinate, take root and grow and can form new islands. • Alligators feed on many different species helping to keep wildlife populations in balance. ...
... birds and more during winter (drought) months. • Plants piled beside “gator holes” decay to form soil in which seeds from other plants germinate, take root and grow and can form new islands. • Alligators feed on many different species helping to keep wildlife populations in balance. ...
The Nitrogen Cycle
... Nitrogen Cycle Continued… • All life requires nitrogen-compounds, e.G., Proteins and nucleic acids. • Air, which is 79% nitrogen gas (N2), is the major reservoir of nitrogen. • But most organisms cannot use nitrogen in ...
... Nitrogen Cycle Continued… • All life requires nitrogen-compounds, e.G., Proteins and nucleic acids. • Air, which is 79% nitrogen gas (N2), is the major reservoir of nitrogen. • But most organisms cannot use nitrogen in ...
2013/2014 Environmental Science Teacher: Laura Clarke Course
... - Describe ways in which the lithosphere can change over time. - Describe ways in which the hydrosphere can change over time. - Describe ways in which the atmosphere can change over time. - List factors that affect an area's ability to support life. - Describe the structure of an ecosystem. - Identi ...
... - Describe ways in which the lithosphere can change over time. - Describe ways in which the hydrosphere can change over time. - Describe ways in which the atmosphere can change over time. - List factors that affect an area's ability to support life. - Describe the structure of an ecosystem. - Identi ...
Ecological Succession Lab
... Ecological Succession Lab INTRODUCTION: Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community. This series of predictable changes that occurs i ...
... Ecological Succession Lab INTRODUCTION: Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community. This series of predictable changes that occurs i ...
Ecological Succession Lab
... Ecological Succession Lab INTRODUCTION: Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community. This series of predictable changes that occurs i ...
... Ecological Succession Lab INTRODUCTION: Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community. This series of predictable changes that occurs i ...
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbon from the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors such as climate, the parent material which forms the soil and topography, control the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are not themselves influenced by the ecosystem. Other external factors include time and potential biota. Ecosystems are dynamic entities—invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance. Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can have very different characteristics simply because they contain different species. The introduction of non-native species can cause substantial shifts in ecosystem function. Internal factors not only control ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them and are often subject to feedback loops. While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external processes like climate and parent material, the availability of these resources within the ecosystem is controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root competition or shading. Other internal factors include disturbance, succession and the types of species present. Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.Biodiversity affects ecosystem function, as do the processes of disturbance and succession. Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend; the principles of ecosystem management suggest that rather than managing individual species, natural resources should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself. Classifying ecosystems into ecologically homogeneous units is an important step towards effective ecosystem management, but there is no single, agreed-upon way to do this.