Generalizing Darwinism to Social Evolution
... George Ritchie. Ritchie corresponded with Alexander, and they both saw that Darwinian selection could be applied to the evolution of ethical ideas. In his book Darwinism and Politics, Ritchie upheld that in human societies “language and social institutions make it possible to transmit experience qui ...
... George Ritchie. Ritchie corresponded with Alexander, and they both saw that Darwinian selection could be applied to the evolution of ethical ideas. In his book Darwinism and Politics, Ritchie upheld that in human societies “language and social institutions make it possible to transmit experience qui ...
Classical/Operant Conditioning
... Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning: What’s the Difference? In Summary, the processes of generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery occur in both classical and operant conditioning. Both types of conditioning depend on associative learning. In classical conditionin ...
... Comparing Classical and Operant Conditioning: What’s the Difference? In Summary, the processes of generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery occur in both classical and operant conditioning. Both types of conditioning depend on associative learning. In classical conditionin ...
Operant Conditioning - Henderson State University
... 2. Classical conditioning involves respondent behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Operant conditioning involves operant behavior, a behavior that operates on the environment producing rewarding or punishing stimuli. ...
... 2. Classical conditioning involves respondent behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Operant conditioning involves operant behavior, a behavior that operates on the environment producing rewarding or punishing stimuli. ...
B.F. Skinner Skinner`s Life Reinforcement, Cont`d.
... • Administering rewards/punishments to oneself for meeting, exceeding or falling short of one’s own expectations or standards. ...
... • Administering rewards/punishments to oneself for meeting, exceeding or falling short of one’s own expectations or standards. ...
Taking Evolution Seriously: Historical Institutionalism and
... is known, among evolutionary theorists, as the “Neo-Darwinian Synthesis.” This confusion was dramatically reflected in a special issue of the American Political Science Review (APSR) published, in November 2006, to mark its own centennial as a journal. For this issue, editor Lee Sigelman solicited c ...
... is known, among evolutionary theorists, as the “Neo-Darwinian Synthesis.” This confusion was dramatically reflected in a special issue of the American Political Science Review (APSR) published, in November 2006, to mark its own centennial as a journal. For this issue, editor Lee Sigelman solicited c ...
Reward Probability and the Variability of Foraging Behavior in Rats
... that different measures of behavioral variability are dissociable – an increase in the variability of spatial responding does not necessarily correspond to an increase in temporal variability. This is interesting because a number of prior studies indicate that spatial and temporal variability tend t ...
... that different measures of behavioral variability are dissociable – an increase in the variability of spatial responding does not necessarily correspond to an increase in temporal variability. This is interesting because a number of prior studies indicate that spatial and temporal variability tend t ...
1 THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 1. INTRODUCTION Before
... These two examples demonstrate how use could change a trait. By the same token, Lamarck believed that disuse would cause a trait to become reduced. The wings of penguins, for example, would be smaller than those of other birds because penguins do not use them to fly. Lamarckian Inheritance The seco ...
... These two examples demonstrate how use could change a trait. By the same token, Lamarck believed that disuse would cause a trait to become reduced. The wings of penguins, for example, would be smaller than those of other birds because penguins do not use them to fly. Lamarckian Inheritance The seco ...
The Psychology of B.F. Skinner Adam Gallagher Learning
... the model takes the “Law of Effect” into account. It states that any behavior that brings about a pleasurable consequence is likely to be repeated while those that bring about an unpleasant consequence are not. ...
... the model takes the “Law of Effect” into account. It states that any behavior that brings about a pleasurable consequence is likely to be repeated while those that bring about an unpleasant consequence are not. ...
Sustainability and the `Struggle for Existence`: The Critical Role of
... On 29 May 1886, the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann gave a lecture to a meeting of the Imperial Academy of Science in Vienna setting out his probabilistic interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics. In the course of that lecture, he argued that the ‘struggle for existence’ of animate bei ...
... On 29 May 1886, the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann gave a lecture to a meeting of the Imperial Academy of Science in Vienna setting out his probabilistic interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics. In the course of that lecture, he argued that the ‘struggle for existence’ of animate bei ...
Understanding behavior to understand behavior change: a literature
... Other concepts that have become common in education include overt behaviors – those that can be observed, and covert behaviors – those that are private (including thoughts and emotions). In addition, the study of behavioral antecedents and consequences (Spiegler and Guevremont 2003) has led to a bet ...
... Other concepts that have become common in education include overt behaviors – those that can be observed, and covert behaviors – those that are private (including thoughts and emotions). In addition, the study of behavioral antecedents and consequences (Spiegler and Guevremont 2003) has led to a bet ...
Experimental bases for a psychological theory of personality
... the synthesis of the individual’s history; his/her ontogenetic development up to that moment (Santacreu, 2005). Personality is shown through idiosyncratic and consistent behavior in an individual in a set of similar situations. The behavior must be consistent both from an intraindividual and an inte ...
... the synthesis of the individual’s history; his/her ontogenetic development up to that moment (Santacreu, 2005). Personality is shown through idiosyncratic and consistent behavior in an individual in a set of similar situations. The behavior must be consistent both from an intraindividual and an inte ...
Pre-adaptation, exaptation and technology speciation: a comment
... whether a feature originated through an adaptive process, or not. Here I find Mr Cattani’s perspective very puzzling because it appears to me that his work is an excellent example of establishing the origins of a technology, and finding that these origins were ‘‘non-adaptive,’’ that is, not a produc ...
... whether a feature originated through an adaptive process, or not. Here I find Mr Cattani’s perspective very puzzling because it appears to me that his work is an excellent example of establishing the origins of a technology, and finding that these origins were ‘‘non-adaptive,’’ that is, not a produc ...
Causes of unity and disunity in Psychology and Behaviorism
... Behaviorism has always made such uses of psychology, but has never recognized that as a part of behaviorism. If you read J. B. Watson’s book of 1924, you will see that the psychological phenomena that are referred to are then interpreted in behavioral principles (Watson, 1924/1930), but those psycho ...
... Behaviorism has always made such uses of psychology, but has never recognized that as a part of behaviorism. If you read J. B. Watson’s book of 1924, you will see that the psychological phenomena that are referred to are then interpreted in behavioral principles (Watson, 1924/1930), but those psycho ...
Darwinian Fitness & Directionality Theory
... Large population size: Mutants with decreased entropy will have decreased robustness and will prevail (a.s) Small population size: The outcome of competition will be a stochastic process described by probabilities contigent on population size ...
... Large population size: Mutants with decreased entropy will have decreased robustness and will prevail (a.s) Small population size: The outcome of competition will be a stochastic process described by probabilities contigent on population size ...
What is Natural Selection?
... and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny. Two canine animals in a time of dearth, may be truly said to struggle with each other which shall get food and live. But ...
... and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny. Two canine animals in a time of dearth, may be truly said to struggle with each other which shall get food and live. But ...
Evolution of Genetic Variance-Covariance Structure
... that generates what we see as the organism as a whole. By necessity, biologists have a tendency to break down organisms into their component parts to see how they work. Yet, no trait is an island (Dobzhansky 1956). In particular, we need to consider the organism in its entirety when looking at evolu ...
... that generates what we see as the organism as a whole. By necessity, biologists have a tendency to break down organisms into their component parts to see how they work. Yet, no trait is an island (Dobzhansky 1956). In particular, we need to consider the organism in its entirety when looking at evolu ...
Pavlov`s Contributions to Behavior Therapy
... of neural connections previously formed in learning trials. This process, Wolpe hypothesized, could be achieved by simple extinction or reciprocal inhibition, and in both instances, drive reduction plays as important a role as in the acquisition of learned behavior. In the case of anxiety, where ext ...
... of neural connections previously formed in learning trials. This process, Wolpe hypothesized, could be achieved by simple extinction or reciprocal inhibition, and in both instances, drive reduction plays as important a role as in the acquisition of learned behavior. In the case of anxiety, where ext ...
Last Name, First Name
... in tool making may be the consequence of their bigger brain size compared with their predecessors. The most notorious significance for the Homo erectus is their predatory advantage due to their long distance endurance. The Homo erectus, as a consequence of the size of their brain, had better resista ...
... in tool making may be the consequence of their bigger brain size compared with their predecessors. The most notorious significance for the Homo erectus is their predatory advantage due to their long distance endurance. The Homo erectus, as a consequence of the size of their brain, had better resista ...
Applied Evolutionary Epistemology: A new methodology to
... approaches to evolutionary, adaptationist accounts took place in the late 1950s. She called it a debate of “mechanism” versus “teleology” and pinpointed the Darwin Centennial, held at the University of Chicago in 1959, as the place where the debate was introduced in the field of biology. This Confer ...
... approaches to evolutionary, adaptationist accounts took place in the late 1950s. She called it a debate of “mechanism” versus “teleology” and pinpointed the Darwin Centennial, held at the University of Chicago in 1959, as the place where the debate was introduced in the field of biology. This Confer ...
Document
... The activity is challenging and requires skill to complete Goals are clear Feedback is immediate There is a ‘merging of action and awareness’. ‘All the attention is concentrated on the relevant stimuli’ so that individuals are no longer aware of themselves as ‘separate from the actions they are perf ...
... The activity is challenging and requires skill to complete Goals are clear Feedback is immediate There is a ‘merging of action and awareness’. ‘All the attention is concentrated on the relevant stimuli’ so that individuals are no longer aware of themselves as ‘separate from the actions they are perf ...
Semiotic freedom - Jesper Hoffmeyer`s Website
... operate in the first place.4 If organisms did not exhibit aboutness, if they did not “take an interest” in the world around them (if they did not “strive” – to use Darwin’s own term), there would be no “competition for survival” but only disorganized activity leading nowhere. However, if natural sele ...
... operate in the first place.4 If organisms did not exhibit aboutness, if they did not “take an interest” in the world around them (if they did not “strive” – to use Darwin’s own term), there would be no “competition for survival” but only disorganized activity leading nowhere. However, if natural sele ...
War, space, and the evolution of Old World complex
... More generally, the present study highlights the role that evolutionary theory in combination with suitable data can play in addressing questions about human history and cultural evolution. Undoubtedly, the rise and fall of individual states and empires will be complex, involving idiosyncratic and c ...
... More generally, the present study highlights the role that evolutionary theory in combination with suitable data can play in addressing questions about human history and cultural evolution. Undoubtedly, the rise and fall of individual states and empires will be complex, involving idiosyncratic and c ...
PDF
... frequently in an evolutionary process that often leads to macroevolutionary trends and in which organisms are said to be optimally/almost optimally “designed” for the habitats they inhabit. Organic Nonoptimal Constrained Evolution (ONCE), a new perspective on biological evolution that is proposed he ...
... frequently in an evolutionary process that often leads to macroevolutionary trends and in which organisms are said to be optimally/almost optimally “designed” for the habitats they inhabit. Organic Nonoptimal Constrained Evolution (ONCE), a new perspective on biological evolution that is proposed he ...
EvoDevo and niche construction: building bridges
... Second, even if it were the case that the development were strictly under genetic control, it still need not follow that development be regarded as evolutionarily inconsequential. In many cases the ‘‘controlling genes’’ may themselves have been selected as a result of development-induced changes in ...
... Second, even if it were the case that the development were strictly under genetic control, it still need not follow that development be regarded as evolutionarily inconsequential. In many cases the ‘‘controlling genes’’ may themselves have been selected as a result of development-induced changes in ...