Antifolding activity of hsp60 couples protein import into the
... fusion proteins were also imported and processed to the intermediate and mature forms. Processing was only observed in the presence of a membrane potential across the inner membrane (Figure 2, lanes 1 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 6). Quite unexpectedly, the precursors could reach the intermembrane space when tra ...
... fusion proteins were also imported and processed to the intermediate and mature forms. Processing was only observed in the presence of a membrane potential across the inner membrane (Figure 2, lanes 1 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 6). Quite unexpectedly, the precursors could reach the intermembrane space when tra ...
Carbohydrates
... structures that account for different properties. Indicators are chemical substances that can be used to classify the types of macromolecule present in substances. The indicators will turn color due to the structural differences among the macromolecules. The individual classes of macromolecules can ...
... structures that account for different properties. Indicators are chemical substances that can be used to classify the types of macromolecule present in substances. The indicators will turn color due to the structural differences among the macromolecules. The individual classes of macromolecules can ...
Sylabus
... C2. Understanding the processes leading to the diversion of normal into pathological biochemical pathways, and molecular basis of chosen disorders development C3. Acquaintance with the basic scientific techniques applied in biochemistry. C4. Familarity with the analysis and interpretation of the res ...
... C2. Understanding the processes leading to the diversion of normal into pathological biochemical pathways, and molecular basis of chosen disorders development C3. Acquaintance with the basic scientific techniques applied in biochemistry. C4. Familarity with the analysis and interpretation of the res ...
Analytical Biochemistry 11:
... of the blue-violet color produced is measured at about 570 rnp. This color is most intense when the reaction with ninhydrin is carried out at about pH 5 (1). At this pH, the products of the reaction are usually carbon dioxide, an aldehyde containing one less carbon atom than the parent amino acid, a ...
... of the blue-violet color produced is measured at about 570 rnp. This color is most intense when the reaction with ninhydrin is carried out at about pH 5 (1). At this pH, the products of the reaction are usually carbon dioxide, an aldehyde containing one less carbon atom than the parent amino acid, a ...
Auxin Action in a Cell
... weakly with SCFTIR1 (data not shown). These results are not consistent with a model in which auxin regulation of Aux/IAA proteins is directly dependent on proline hydroxylation. The importance of the prolines in domain II led us to consider the possibility that a peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase ...
... weakly with SCFTIR1 (data not shown). These results are not consistent with a model in which auxin regulation of Aux/IAA proteins is directly dependent on proline hydroxylation. The importance of the prolines in domain II led us to consider the possibility that a peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase ...
Tyrocidine Biosynthesis by Three Complementary Fractions from
... of these fractions to emerge from the column, which was nearly coincident with the main protein peak, was detected by its L-ornithine-dependent ATP-[ a2P]Piexchange activity. Exchange activities dependent on all the remaining tyrocidine amino acids gave profiles similar to that of the L-ornithinedep ...
... of these fractions to emerge from the column, which was nearly coincident with the main protein peak, was detected by its L-ornithine-dependent ATP-[ a2P]Piexchange activity. Exchange activities dependent on all the remaining tyrocidine amino acids gave profiles similar to that of the L-ornithinedep ...
The structural basis of substrate translocation by the
... phosphate (Pi) [26,27]. Transport is driven by the Pi gradient; the cellular Pi concentration, being 4 mM for non-growing cells [28], is much higher than in the extracellular milieu. The turnover rate is 24 mol of Pi per mole of GlpT per second at 378C [18]. In addition to G3P, the protein also tran ...
... phosphate (Pi) [26,27]. Transport is driven by the Pi gradient; the cellular Pi concentration, being 4 mM for non-growing cells [28], is much higher than in the extracellular milieu. The turnover rate is 24 mol of Pi per mole of GlpT per second at 378C [18]. In addition to G3P, the protein also tran ...
The scs Boundary Element: Characterization of Boundary Element
... encoding the BEAF-32A protein (32A), which binds with high affinity to the scs* boundary element from the Drosophila melanogaster 87A7 hsp70 locus. Here, we report a second protein, BEAF-32B, that differs from 32A only in its amino terminus. Unlike 32A, it has the same DNA binding specificity as the ...
... encoding the BEAF-32A protein (32A), which binds with high affinity to the scs* boundary element from the Drosophila melanogaster 87A7 hsp70 locus. Here, we report a second protein, BEAF-32B, that differs from 32A only in its amino terminus. Unlike 32A, it has the same DNA binding specificity as the ...
The Chemical & Physical Structure of Merino Wool
... together to form proteins by a variety of covalent ...
... together to form proteins by a variety of covalent ...
Carbohydrates and Glycobiology
... Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth. Each year, photosynthesis converts more than 100 billion metric tons of CO2 and H2O into cellulose and other plant products. Certain carbohydrates (sugar and starch) are a dietary staple in most parts of the world, and the oxidation of carbo ...
... Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth. Each year, photosynthesis converts more than 100 billion metric tons of CO2 and H2O into cellulose and other plant products. Certain carbohydrates (sugar and starch) are a dietary staple in most parts of the world, and the oxidation of carbo ...
Cis-trans isomerization of omega dihedrals in Proteins
... of neighboring residues (Brandts et al. 1975,Grathwohl, Wuthrich 1976,Raleigh et al. 1992). Figure 2 presents the cis and trans conformational isomers of a cysteine-proline peptide bond in the Bovine NPC2 (Nieman-Pick C2) protein (PDB code 1NEP) (Friedland et al. 2003). Even if they represent a very ...
... of neighboring residues (Brandts et al. 1975,Grathwohl, Wuthrich 1976,Raleigh et al. 1992). Figure 2 presents the cis and trans conformational isomers of a cysteine-proline peptide bond in the Bovine NPC2 (Nieman-Pick C2) protein (PDB code 1NEP) (Friedland et al. 2003). Even if they represent a very ...
The cyanide hydratase from Neurospora crassa forms a helix
... associate across the “A surface” (Sewell et al. 2003) to form a αββα:αββα eight-layered dimer which is the basic unit of higher order oligomeric association. The dimers associate in different ways to form a variety of different homo-oligomeric assemblies including spirals and helices such as the 14 ...
... associate across the “A surface” (Sewell et al. 2003) to form a αββα:αββα eight-layered dimer which is the basic unit of higher order oligomeric association. The dimers associate in different ways to form a variety of different homo-oligomeric assemblies including spirals and helices such as the 14 ...
P.abyssi PDF version
... and structural data available. We present here the result of this analysis, together with some comparative genomic data and analyses focusing on gene transfer and adaptation to hyperthermophily. Additional information is available on a dedicated website (see Supplementary material). The complete re- ...
... and structural data available. We present here the result of this analysis, together with some comparative genomic data and analyses focusing on gene transfer and adaptation to hyperthermophily. Additional information is available on a dedicated website (see Supplementary material). The complete re- ...
Pre-mRNA splicing: life at the centre of the central dogma
... Alternative splicing enables a single gene to increase its coding capacity, allowing the synthesis of structurally and functionally distinct protein isoforms. Usually, alternative exons have suboptimal splicing signals, and their inclusion is modulated by trans-acting factors that recognize an arran ...
... Alternative splicing enables a single gene to increase its coding capacity, allowing the synthesis of structurally and functionally distinct protein isoforms. Usually, alternative exons have suboptimal splicing signals, and their inclusion is modulated by trans-acting factors that recognize an arran ...
Proteases and proteolytic cleavage of storage
... (mol. wt. 64 502 kDa) supports the hypothesis that the larger subunits have evolved through amplification and mutation of repeats in the C-terminal domain of the achain (Heim et ai, 1994). There is no indication that the legumin holoprotein molecules represent homo-oligomers. In the quaternary struc ...
... (mol. wt. 64 502 kDa) supports the hypothesis that the larger subunits have evolved through amplification and mutation of repeats in the C-terminal domain of the achain (Heim et ai, 1994). There is no indication that the legumin holoprotein molecules represent homo-oligomers. In the quaternary struc ...
Data-driven docking for the study of biomolecular complexes
... With the presently available amount of genetic information, a lot of attention focuses on systems biology and in particular on biomolecular interactions. Considering the huge number of such interactions, and their often weak and transient nature, conventional experimental methods such as Xray crysta ...
... With the presently available amount of genetic information, a lot of attention focuses on systems biology and in particular on biomolecular interactions. Considering the huge number of such interactions, and their often weak and transient nature, conventional experimental methods such as Xray crysta ...
Adaptations of protein structure and function to temperature: there is
... attributes. The results of these efforts indicate that ligand binding affinity and catalytic rate are key targets during temperature adaptation: ligand affinity decreases during cold adaptation to allow more rapid catalysis. Structural changes causing these functional shifts often comprise only a si ...
... attributes. The results of these efforts indicate that ligand binding affinity and catalytic rate are key targets during temperature adaptation: ligand affinity decreases during cold adaptation to allow more rapid catalysis. Structural changes causing these functional shifts often comprise only a si ...
Pdf
... The knowledge that an amino acid is in a particular type of secondary structure allows the construction of penalty functions using the definition of that secondary structure. For example, an amino acid i, which is a-helical in a particular polypeptide or protein, would ideally require the formation ...
... The knowledge that an amino acid is in a particular type of secondary structure allows the construction of penalty functions using the definition of that secondary structure. For example, an amino acid i, which is a-helical in a particular polypeptide or protein, would ideally require the formation ...
An Abscisic Acid-Activated and Calcium-lndependent
... ABA Activates a 48-kD Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase from Guard Cell Protoplasts in a Ca2+-lndependent Manner The routine yield of guard cell protoplasts (GCPs) from 30 leaflets of fava bean was ~5 x 106 with 99.9% purity (calculated on a cell basis by counting a sample of ~6000 cells). The purifie ...
... ABA Activates a 48-kD Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase from Guard Cell Protoplasts in a Ca2+-lndependent Manner The routine yield of guard cell protoplasts (GCPs) from 30 leaflets of fava bean was ~5 x 106 with 99.9% purity (calculated on a cell basis by counting a sample of ~6000 cells). The purifie ...
Press Release
... EMBL is Europe’s flagship laboratory for the life sciences, with more than 80 independent groups covering the spectrum of molecular biology. EMBL is international, innovative and interdisciplinary – its 1800 employees, from many nations, operate across five sites: the main laboratory in Heidelberg, ...
... EMBL is Europe’s flagship laboratory for the life sciences, with more than 80 independent groups covering the spectrum of molecular biology. EMBL is international, innovative and interdisciplinary – its 1800 employees, from many nations, operate across five sites: the main laboratory in Heidelberg, ...
Amino acids in the seaweeds as an alternate source of protein for
... phycocolloids, as fodder, as fertilizer and for direct use in human nutrition (Abbott, 1996). Seaweeds cannot be considered as a main source of energy but they have nutritional value regarding vitamin, protein and mineral contents (Norziah and Ching, 2000). According to Chapman and Chapman (1980), 1 ...
... phycocolloids, as fodder, as fertilizer and for direct use in human nutrition (Abbott, 1996). Seaweeds cannot be considered as a main source of energy but they have nutritional value regarding vitamin, protein and mineral contents (Norziah and Ching, 2000). According to Chapman and Chapman (1980), 1 ...
Cyanuric acid hydrolase: evolutionary innovation by structural
... by AtzD is likely to be magnesium (Dudev et al., 1999; Fig. 3D). Anomalous scattering data show that the native metal ion is either magnesium or sodium (Supplemental Fig. S1). Unfortunately, it is not possible to distinguish between Na+ and Mg2+ by anomalous scattering as both cations have an identi ...
... by AtzD is likely to be magnesium (Dudev et al., 1999; Fig. 3D). Anomalous scattering data show that the native metal ion is either magnesium or sodium (Supplemental Fig. S1). Unfortunately, it is not possible to distinguish between Na+ and Mg2+ by anomalous scattering as both cations have an identi ...
Spinalin, a new glycine- and histidine
... which punches a hole in the prey’s integument. Nematocyst discharge is driven by the very high osmotic pressure (15 MPa; Weber, 1989) in the resting capsule, which results from the high concentration of poly-γ-glutamic acid and the corresponding cations in the matrix (Weber, 1990, 1991). The high os ...
... which punches a hole in the prey’s integument. Nematocyst discharge is driven by the very high osmotic pressure (15 MPa; Weber, 1989) in the resting capsule, which results from the high concentration of poly-γ-glutamic acid and the corresponding cations in the matrix (Weber, 1990, 1991). The high os ...
Table S1.
... Rv3742c Function unknown; probably involved in cellular metabolism. Rv3923c catalyzes the removal of the 5'-leader sequence from pre-tRNA to produce the mature 5'terminus. It can also cleave other RNA substrates such as 4.5S RNA. The protein component plays an auxiliary but essential role in vivo by ...
... Rv3742c Function unknown; probably involved in cellular metabolism. Rv3923c catalyzes the removal of the 5'-leader sequence from pre-tRNA to produce the mature 5'terminus. It can also cleave other RNA substrates such as 4.5S RNA. The protein component plays an auxiliary but essential role in vivo by ...
Protein
Proteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity.A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than about 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes proteins have non-peptide groups attached, which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complexes.Once formed, proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell's machinery through the process of protein turnover. A protein's lifespan is measured in terms of its half-life and covers a wide range. They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1–2 days in mammalian cells. Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable.Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification. Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry, site-directed mutagenesis, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.