Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
... to the site of the electron transport chain. • Brain and muscle cells employ a transport mechanism that passes electrons from cytoplasmic NADH through the membrane to FAD molecules inside the mitochondria, forming FADH2. This cytoplasmic NADH generates 1.5 molecules of ATP. • Liver, heart, and kidne ...
... to the site of the electron transport chain. • Brain and muscle cells employ a transport mechanism that passes electrons from cytoplasmic NADH through the membrane to FAD molecules inside the mitochondria, forming FADH2. This cytoplasmic NADH generates 1.5 molecules of ATP. • Liver, heart, and kidne ...
De novo lipogenesis in the liver in health and disease: more than
... glycolysis and the metabolism of carbohydrates. Therefore, a high-carbohydrate diet can prime the DNL pathway with a large substrate load and increase rates of DNL (Schwarz et al., 2003). Importantly this leads to an accumulation of DNL products, fatty acyl chains linked to coenzyme A, which can be ...
... glycolysis and the metabolism of carbohydrates. Therefore, a high-carbohydrate diet can prime the DNL pathway with a large substrate load and increase rates of DNL (Schwarz et al., 2003). Importantly this leads to an accumulation of DNL products, fatty acyl chains linked to coenzyme A, which can be ...
PLANT PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES
... cellular processes in plants and animals. The phosphorylation status of proteins is regulated by the opposing activities of protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic proteins occurs predominantly (97%) on serine and threonine residues and to a lesser extent on tyrosine ...
... cellular processes in plants and animals. The phosphorylation status of proteins is regulated by the opposing activities of protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic proteins occurs predominantly (97%) on serine and threonine residues and to a lesser extent on tyrosine ...
Gluconeogenesis
... of glycolysis Several steps are different so that control of one pathway does not inactivate the other. However many steps are the same. Three steps are different from glycolysis. 1 Pyruvate to PEP 2 Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate to Fructose-6phosphate 3 Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose ...
... of glycolysis Several steps are different so that control of one pathway does not inactivate the other. However many steps are the same. Three steps are different from glycolysis. 1 Pyruvate to PEP 2 Fructose 1,6- bisphosphate to Fructose-6phosphate 3 Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose ...
Drought response in the spikes of barley: gene expression in the
... the seed showed very little change in gene expression. Despite expressing more drought-associated genes, many genes for amino acid, amino acid derivative, and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as for photosynthesis, respiration, and stress response, were down-regulated in the awn compared with the le ...
... the seed showed very little change in gene expression. Despite expressing more drought-associated genes, many genes for amino acid, amino acid derivative, and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as for photosynthesis, respiration, and stress response, were down-regulated in the awn compared with the le ...
Cellular Respiration Webquest
... Go to: Biology in Motion. Read & complete the activity. (http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html) 1. What is ATP? ...
... Go to: Biology in Motion. Read & complete the activity. (http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html) 1. What is ATP? ...
The autophagy conundrum in cancer: influence of
... increased pace of energy production by aerobic glycolysis compared with oxidative phosphorylation is also beneficial to rapidly proliferating cells (DeBerardinis et al., 2008). The switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is induced by the activation of several oncogenes. Transformation in ...
... increased pace of energy production by aerobic glycolysis compared with oxidative phosphorylation is also beneficial to rapidly proliferating cells (DeBerardinis et al., 2008). The switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is induced by the activation of several oncogenes. Transformation in ...
Distribution and phylogenies of enzymes of the Embden
... has gained wide acceptance, although it has detractors. However, even a putative RNA-based “organism” could have arisen only from a prebiotic chemical environment conducive to its existence (Poole et al. 1999). Although these theories and their associated predictions have done much to provide explan ...
... has gained wide acceptance, although it has detractors. However, even a putative RNA-based “organism” could have arisen only from a prebiotic chemical environment conducive to its existence (Poole et al. 1999). Although these theories and their associated predictions have done much to provide explan ...
Marine alga Sargassum horneri active component
... Autophagy by amino acids and their metabolites Amino acids are transported into the cell from outside by solute carrier (SLC) superfamily proteins, which are membrane-spanning amino acid transporter proteins [43]. It has been reported that amino acids (particularly leucine, glutamine, or arginine) a ...
... Autophagy by amino acids and their metabolites Amino acids are transported into the cell from outside by solute carrier (SLC) superfamily proteins, which are membrane-spanning amino acid transporter proteins [43]. It has been reported that amino acids (particularly leucine, glutamine, or arginine) a ...
Enzymes in jasmonate biosynthesis – Structure, function, regulation
... by OPDA reductase. Until recently, jasmonic acid has been viewed as the end product of the pathway and as the bioactive hormone. It becomes increasingly clear, however, that biological activity extends to and may even differ between the various jasmonic acid metabolites and conjugates as well as its ...
... by OPDA reductase. Until recently, jasmonic acid has been viewed as the end product of the pathway and as the bioactive hormone. It becomes increasingly clear, however, that biological activity extends to and may even differ between the various jasmonic acid metabolites and conjugates as well as its ...
Chapter Twenty Three
... molecules of pyruvate, two reduced coenzymes (NADH), and two ATPs for each molecule of glucose metabolized. ► When oxygen is in good supply, pyruvate is transported into mitochondria and converted to acetyl-SCoA for energy generation via the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. ► When th ...
... molecules of pyruvate, two reduced coenzymes (NADH), and two ATPs for each molecule of glucose metabolized. ► When oxygen is in good supply, pyruvate is transported into mitochondria and converted to acetyl-SCoA for energy generation via the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. ► When th ...
Sample & Assay Technologies QIAgenes E. coli
... Figure 2. Optimization and synthesis of human protein coding sequences. The gene optimization process using the GeneOptimizer® expert software (GENEART AG, Germany) improves the most important parameters relevant for gene expression. Using an evolutionary approach, the codon choice and GC content o ...
... Figure 2. Optimization and synthesis of human protein coding sequences. The gene optimization process using the GeneOptimizer® expert software (GENEART AG, Germany) improves the most important parameters relevant for gene expression. Using an evolutionary approach, the codon choice and GC content o ...
The Phosphoproteome of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Eyespot
... phosphorylation occurs in the eyespot. About 20 major phosphoprotein bands were detected in immunoblots of eyespot proteins with an anti-phosphothreonine antibody. Toward the profiling of the targets of protein kinases in the eyespot fraction, we analyzed its phosphoproteome. The solubilized protein ...
... phosphorylation occurs in the eyespot. About 20 major phosphoprotein bands were detected in immunoblots of eyespot proteins with an anti-phosphothreonine antibody. Toward the profiling of the targets of protein kinases in the eyespot fraction, we analyzed its phosphoproteome. The solubilized protein ...
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES: GLYCOLYSIS
... enzyme lactase, which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. Microorganisms in the colon ferment undigested lactose to lactic acid generating methane (CH4) and hydrogen gas (H2). The gas produced creates the uncomfortable feeling of gut distention and the annoying problem of flatulence. The lac ...
... enzyme lactase, which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. Microorganisms in the colon ferment undigested lactose to lactic acid generating methane (CH4) and hydrogen gas (H2). The gas produced creates the uncomfortable feeling of gut distention and the annoying problem of flatulence. The lac ...
Protein kinases of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium
... to the model described by Hanks, in which the catalytic domain is subdivided into eleven subdomains, which can be aligned across all groups. In addition to the "typical" ePKs, several enzymes possessing protein kinase activity, but which are unrelated (or only distantly related) to ePKs at the prima ...
... to the model described by Hanks, in which the catalytic domain is subdivided into eleven subdomains, which can be aligned across all groups. In addition to the "typical" ePKs, several enzymes possessing protein kinase activity, but which are unrelated (or only distantly related) to ePKs at the prima ...
Spinalin, a new glycine- and histidine
... et al., 1990; Steinert et al., 1991) and avian keratins (Whitbread et al., 1991). Both proteins are involved in forming cellular ...
... et al., 1990; Steinert et al., 1991) and avian keratins (Whitbread et al., 1991). Both proteins are involved in forming cellular ...
CH 2
... pentose phosphate pathway are used for quite different purposes, it is sometimes necessary to produce them in different amounts. Therefore, the cell has different modes in which the pentose phosphate pathway can function. In the case where much more ribose-5-phosphate is required than NADPH, the rib ...
... pentose phosphate pathway are used for quite different purposes, it is sometimes necessary to produce them in different amounts. Therefore, the cell has different modes in which the pentose phosphate pathway can function. In the case where much more ribose-5-phosphate is required than NADPH, the rib ...
9 The AMP-activated protein kinase: more than an energy sensor
... Thiazolidinediones, another class of anti-diabetic compounds, activate AMPK through an increase in AMP/ATP ratio, which also seems to result from an inhibition of mitochondrial respiration [22]. In relation to the effect of these anti-diabetic drugs, AMPK deficiency has been proposed to underlie the ...
... Thiazolidinediones, another class of anti-diabetic compounds, activate AMPK through an increase in AMP/ATP ratio, which also seems to result from an inhibition of mitochondrial respiration [22]. In relation to the effect of these anti-diabetic drugs, AMPK deficiency has been proposed to underlie the ...
C-terminal Truncation of p21H Preserves Crucial Kinetic and
... Site-directed mutagenesis was performed according to themethod of Taylor and Eckstein (20),using Ex0111 from New England Biolabs and DNA polymerase (Klenowfragment) from Du Pont-New England Nuclear. Desoxycytidin-5’-O-(thiotriphosphate)was synthesized according to the method of Goody and Isakov (21) ...
... Site-directed mutagenesis was performed according to themethod of Taylor and Eckstein (20),using Ex0111 from New England Biolabs and DNA polymerase (Klenowfragment) from Du Pont-New England Nuclear. Desoxycytidin-5’-O-(thiotriphosphate)was synthesized according to the method of Goody and Isakov (21) ...
BEL β-trefoil: A novel lectin with antineoplastic properties in king
... called lectins (Sharon 2007). In general, ligand binding precedes the fulfillment of an important biological function, which in some cases is still not known. Some members of this family are also called agglutinins because of their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, but this term does not necess ...
... called lectins (Sharon 2007). In general, ligand binding precedes the fulfillment of an important biological function, which in some cases is still not known. Some members of this family are also called agglutinins because of their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, but this term does not necess ...
Molecular Cell Biology
... 3´ and 5´ carbon atoms, forming a cyclic structure; an important second messenger in the response of cells to a variety of hormones. cyclic electron flow An electron transport pathway associated with photosystem I that produces ATP without the synthesis of NADPH. cyclic GMP (cGMP) Guanosine monophos ...
... 3´ and 5´ carbon atoms, forming a cyclic structure; an important second messenger in the response of cells to a variety of hormones. cyclic electron flow An electron transport pathway associated with photosystem I that produces ATP without the synthesis of NADPH. cyclic GMP (cGMP) Guanosine monophos ...