Geochemistry of the Lanthanide Elements
... which is known as Lanthanide contraction. Figure 1 shows the ionic radii (VI) of the most common REE ions. The REEs have moderate electronegativity between 1.0 and 1.2 duly forming bond with an elevated ionic component. The trivalent ions have nearly identical chemical behavior thus being very diffi ...
... which is known as Lanthanide contraction. Figure 1 shows the ionic radii (VI) of the most common REE ions. The REEs have moderate electronegativity between 1.0 and 1.2 duly forming bond with an elevated ionic component. The trivalent ions have nearly identical chemical behavior thus being very diffi ...
Heat Flow Measurements in a Low Radioactivity Area of the Western
... The areas where boreholes for heat flow measurements are available usually are the same as those that were first prospected and mined at this time. Agricultural clearing also became common 50 to 100 years before the measurements, particularly within 300km of the west coast. Around Kambalda a large n ...
... The areas where boreholes for heat flow measurements are available usually are the same as those that were first prospected and mined at this time. Agricultural clearing also became common 50 to 100 years before the measurements, particularly within 300km of the west coast. Around Kambalda a large n ...
The Contribution of Radiogenic Heat Production Studies to Hot Dry
... Estimating HPR in rocks is problematic because it is dependent on concentrations of two trace elements and one major element in rock chemistry which not only are controlled by petrogenesis, but also are affected by secondary processes (e.g., Wollenberg & Smith, 1968; Zielinski et al., 1982). Neverth ...
... Estimating HPR in rocks is problematic because it is dependent on concentrations of two trace elements and one major element in rock chemistry which not only are controlled by petrogenesis, but also are affected by secondary processes (e.g., Wollenberg & Smith, 1968; Zielinski et al., 1982). Neverth ...
orogenesis and ore deposits
... Ore-forming processesare discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the earth originally had a basaltic crust, and that the continents have been derived from this crust and the mantle. The transformation was accomplished by a combination of disintegration, decomposition and redistribution of rock ...
... Ore-forming processesare discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the earth originally had a basaltic crust, and that the continents have been derived from this crust and the mantle. The transformation was accomplished by a combination of disintegration, decomposition and redistribution of rock ...
AIM: Introduce you to scientific study of the world`s oceans and seas
... All earthquakes occur in lithosphere •Intermediate & deep focus earthquakes occur where slabs of lithosphere extend to depth •Recognize lithosphere by its relatively high seismic velocity & the relatively low attenuation of seismic waves ...
... All earthquakes occur in lithosphere •Intermediate & deep focus earthquakes occur where slabs of lithosphere extend to depth •Recognize lithosphere by its relatively high seismic velocity & the relatively low attenuation of seismic waves ...
Top driven asymmetric mantle convection
... ±15). This is consistent with the westward drift of the outer shell relative to the underlying mantle, which accounts for the steep dip of W-directed slabs, and the asymmetry between the flanks of oceanic ridges, and the directions of ridge migration. The larger recycling volumes along W-directed su ...
... ±15). This is consistent with the westward drift of the outer shell relative to the underlying mantle, which accounts for the steep dip of W-directed slabs, and the asymmetry between the flanks of oceanic ridges, and the directions of ridge migration. The larger recycling volumes along W-directed su ...
The Penokean orogeny in the Lake Superior region
... Formations). A thick succession of arc-derived turbidites constitutes most of the foreland basin-fill along with lesser volcanic rocks. In the southern fold and thrust belt tectonic thickening resulted in high-grade metamorphism of the sediments by 1830 Ma. At this same time, a suite of post-tectoni ...
... Formations). A thick succession of arc-derived turbidites constitutes most of the foreland basin-fill along with lesser volcanic rocks. In the southern fold and thrust belt tectonic thickening resulted in high-grade metamorphism of the sediments by 1830 Ma. At this same time, a suite of post-tectoni ...
Word - Manchester Geological Association
... ‘Dalradian’, after the ancient kingdom of Dal Riada, which was occupied by a tribe of Scottish and Irish Celts and covered the same area. The Dalradian succession is a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks with minor volcanics that formed on the southern margin of a continent from late Precambrian to ...
... ‘Dalradian’, after the ancient kingdom of Dal Riada, which was occupied by a tribe of Scottish and Irish Celts and covered the same area. The Dalradian succession is a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks with minor volcanics that formed on the southern margin of a continent from late Precambrian to ...
Metamorphic Petrology Review
... 1. (T-F) It is possible for an index mineral to be present in a zone of higher grade than its own. 2. (T-F) Barrovian zones were developed in an area of rather narrow compositional range. In regions with different compositions, the use of additional or replacement index minerals may be appropriate. ...
... 1. (T-F) It is possible for an index mineral to be present in a zone of higher grade than its own. 2. (T-F) Barrovian zones were developed in an area of rather narrow compositional range. In regions with different compositions, the use of additional or replacement index minerals may be appropriate. ...
Petrology Lecture 9 Review
... 1. (T-F) It is possible for an index mineral to be present in a zone of higher grade than its own. 2. (T-F) Barrovian zones were developed in an area of rather narrow compositional range. In regions with different compositions, the use of additional or replacement index minerals may be appropriate. ...
... 1. (T-F) It is possible for an index mineral to be present in a zone of higher grade than its own. 2. (T-F) Barrovian zones were developed in an area of rather narrow compositional range. In regions with different compositions, the use of additional or replacement index minerals may be appropriate. ...
as a PDF
... STERN, C.R., FUTA, K. & MUEHLENBACHS. K. (1984): Isotope and Trace Element Data for Orogenic Andesites from Austral Andes. - in: ‘Andean Magmatism Chemical ed.: Harmon R.S. & Barreiro B.A.: 31 - 48 S.; and Isotopic Constraints”. ...
... STERN, C.R., FUTA, K. & MUEHLENBACHS. K. (1984): Isotope and Trace Element Data for Orogenic Andesites from Austral Andes. - in: ‘Andean Magmatism Chemical ed.: Harmon R.S. & Barreiro B.A.: 31 - 48 S.; and Isotopic Constraints”. ...
Anorthosites Anorthosites Types of Anorthosites
... Highly felsic nature and their location in continental areas they share with granitoid rocks The felsic mineral, however, is a calcic plagioclase, which, along with associated high--temperature mafic minerals, suggests a high stronger similarity to basaltic rocks ...
... Highly felsic nature and their location in continental areas they share with granitoid rocks The felsic mineral, however, is a calcic plagioclase, which, along with associated high--temperature mafic minerals, suggests a high stronger similarity to basaltic rocks ...
Three-dimensional magnetotelluric imaging of crustal and
... The primary goal of TopoMed (Plate re-organization in the western Mediterranean: Lithospheric causes and topographic consequences – an ESF EUROCORES TOPO-EUROPE Collaborative Research Project) project, is to define the geometries and determine the nature of the major crustal and upper mantle boundar ...
... The primary goal of TopoMed (Plate re-organization in the western Mediterranean: Lithospheric causes and topographic consequences – an ESF EUROCORES TOPO-EUROPE Collaborative Research Project) project, is to define the geometries and determine the nature of the major crustal and upper mantle boundar ...
The Crustal Architecture and Continental Break Up of East India
... Profile GXT-1600 through the Mahanadi basin. The uprising continental Moho is not imaged well in this profile and the oceanic Moho is not very prominent. Two grabens can be seen on the continental margin. The oceanic crust is flat and strongly reflective with parallel-layered reflectors in its upper ...
... Profile GXT-1600 through the Mahanadi basin. The uprising continental Moho is not imaged well in this profile and the oceanic Moho is not very prominent. Two grabens can be seen on the continental margin. The oceanic crust is flat and strongly reflective with parallel-layered reflectors in its upper ...
D: Tectonic reactivation related
... strata, interaction between surface sedimentation and basement reactivation, major Precambrian features reactivated in the mid-continent region, loading paths. A common explanation for localized intraplate fracture systems is often tectonic reactivation (e.g. Werner 1978, Baar and Watney 1991, Carls ...
... strata, interaction between surface sedimentation and basement reactivation, major Precambrian features reactivated in the mid-continent region, loading paths. A common explanation for localized intraplate fracture systems is often tectonic reactivation (e.g. Werner 1978, Baar and Watney 1991, Carls ...
Metamorphism
... temperature increases, new minerals begin to form • above 600oC, some minerals begin to melt (transition to igneous rocks) ...
... temperature increases, new minerals begin to form • above 600oC, some minerals begin to melt (transition to igneous rocks) ...
Plate Tectonics
... • The similarity of the Atlantic coastlines of Africa and South America has long been recognized • In the early 1900s Alfred Wegner made a strong case for continental drift: he noticed that Africa, South America, India, Antarctica and Australia had almost identical late Paleozoic rocks and fossils • ...
... • The similarity of the Atlantic coastlines of Africa and South America has long been recognized • In the early 1900s Alfred Wegner made a strong case for continental drift: he noticed that Africa, South America, India, Antarctica and Australia had almost identical late Paleozoic rocks and fossils • ...
Metamorphic Petrology Review
... • If water for hydration reactions were available in high-temperature mafic igneous rocks, would coarsegrained or fine-grained rocks react faster? Why? • (T-F) Hydration reactions may release large quantities of energy, significantly heating the rocks. • (T-F) If equilibrium is maintained, there is ...
... • If water for hydration reactions were available in high-temperature mafic igneous rocks, would coarsegrained or fine-grained rocks react faster? Why? • (T-F) Hydration reactions may release large quantities of energy, significantly heating the rocks. • (T-F) If equilibrium is maintained, there is ...
Age and petrogenesis of the Tinn granite, Telemark, South
... grains (core-rim pair n446-01a/b) is reversely discordant; the other grains range from near-concordant (1 % discordant) to strongly discordant (>30% discordant). When all points are plotted in a concordia diagram, a majority of points cluster along a lead-loss line from a Mid Proterozoic upper inter ...
... grains (core-rim pair n446-01a/b) is reversely discordant; the other grains range from near-concordant (1 % discordant) to strongly discordant (>30% discordant). When all points are plotted in a concordia diagram, a majority of points cluster along a lead-loss line from a Mid Proterozoic upper inter ...
Chapter 15. The Hard Rock Cafe
... a synthetic two-mineral eclogite and for comparison, a typical MORE. Note that, in general, diopside plus garnet from peridotite does not approximate the composition of MORE. In most cases, however, omphacite and garnet from eclogite bracket MORE compositions, and therefore eclogite is a more approp ...
... a synthetic two-mineral eclogite and for comparison, a typical MORE. Note that, in general, diopside plus garnet from peridotite does not approximate the composition of MORE. In most cases, however, omphacite and garnet from eclogite bracket MORE compositions, and therefore eclogite is a more approp ...
The location of volcanoes
... • The inner core is the centre of the earth, made of solid iron and nickel, it is the hottest part with a temp. of 5500oC • The outer core is made up of liquid iron and nickel • The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock, partially melted rocks are called magma, temperatures reach 5000oC here. • The ...
... • The inner core is the centre of the earth, made of solid iron and nickel, it is the hottest part with a temp. of 5500oC • The outer core is made up of liquid iron and nickel • The mantle is made up of semi-molten rock, partially melted rocks are called magma, temperatures reach 5000oC here. • The ...
Plate Margins
... The features/landforms: Subduction zone: describes the whole area where subduction is taking place. Ocean Trench: is the deep valley formed in the ocean floor as the subducted plate bends. Benioff zone: zone of earthquakes set off by the solid lithospheric plate forcing it’s way through the mantle. ...
... The features/landforms: Subduction zone: describes the whole area where subduction is taking place. Ocean Trench: is the deep valley formed in the ocean floor as the subducted plate bends. Benioff zone: zone of earthquakes set off by the solid lithospheric plate forcing it’s way through the mantle. ...
Mildly peraluminous high-silica granites in the central part of the
... Gravimetric data indicate that the batholith is a relatively thin (about 3 km thick) tabular body with one or more root-like extensions in the eastern-central area (Ramberg 1976). Alternatively the data could be interpreted as a pseudo-cylindrical body grading downwards into a mixture of stoped bloc ...
... Gravimetric data indicate that the batholith is a relatively thin (about 3 km thick) tabular body with one or more root-like extensions in the eastern-central area (Ramberg 1976). Alternatively the data could be interpreted as a pseudo-cylindrical body grading downwards into a mixture of stoped bloc ...
Baltic Shield
The Baltic Shield (sometimes referred to as the Fennoscandian Shield) is located in Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden and Finland), northwest Russia and under the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Shield is defined as the exposed Precambrian northwest segment of the East European Craton. It is composed mostly of Archean and Proterozoic gneisses and greenstones which have undergone numerous deformations through tectonic activity (see Geology of Fennoscandia map [1]). The Baltic Shield contains the oldest rocks of the European continent. The lithospheric thickness is about 200-300 km. During the Pleistocene epoch, great continental ice sheets scoured and depressed the shield's surface, leaving a thin covering of glacial material and innumerable lakes and streams. The Baltic Shield is still rebounding today following the melting of the thick glaciers during the Quaternary Period.