How the prefrontal executive got its stripes
... The relational rules of the structural model, and specialized and complementary pathways to distinct prefrontal sectors. (a) Feedback pathways originate in an area with less elaborate laminar structure than the destination (brown neurons); feedforward describes pathways that have the opposite relati ...
... The relational rules of the structural model, and specialized and complementary pathways to distinct prefrontal sectors. (a) Feedback pathways originate in an area with less elaborate laminar structure than the destination (brown neurons); feedforward describes pathways that have the opposite relati ...
Nervous System - AP Psychology: 2(A)
... • Primary visual cortex – processes visual information from the eyes. • Visual association cortex – identifies and makes sense of visual information. • Parietal lobes - sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperat ...
... • Primary visual cortex – processes visual information from the eyes. • Visual association cortex – identifies and makes sense of visual information. • Parietal lobes - sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperat ...
PDF - Stanford University
... threshold revealed gray matter differences in more medial regions of the midbrain, the PAG may be of central concern when considering oxytocin-mediated effects on anxiety. This region, implicated in fear behavior and arousal (LeDoux et al., 1998), is the target of heavy reciprocal projections from t ...
... threshold revealed gray matter differences in more medial regions of the midbrain, the PAG may be of central concern when considering oxytocin-mediated effects on anxiety. This region, implicated in fear behavior and arousal (LeDoux et al., 1998), is the target of heavy reciprocal projections from t ...
Impact of diet on adult hippocampal neurogenesis
... newborn neurons have been consistently found only in two privileged areas of the adult brain: the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus [48] and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles [2] (Fig. 1). Adult neurogenesis has been found in all mammals studied to ...
... newborn neurons have been consistently found only in two privileged areas of the adult brain: the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus [48] and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles [2] (Fig. 1). Adult neurogenesis has been found in all mammals studied to ...
A Verbose Guide to Dissection of the Sheep`s Brain H
... current viewing distance). The abducens nerve is easy to identify if it is still attached. The little trochlear nerve violates the general rule and emerges from the dorsal surface of the brain stem. (It is visible on many of these sheep brains, though rarely on the human brains.) Although these same ...
... current viewing distance). The abducens nerve is easy to identify if it is still attached. The little trochlear nerve violates the general rule and emerges from the dorsal surface of the brain stem. (It is visible on many of these sheep brains, though rarely on the human brains.) Although these same ...
Place cells, neocortex and spatial navigation: a short review
... transmission of cortical information through the entorhinal cortex results in marked changes in place cell activity. This information seems to concern a variety of cues some of which might be related to the physical properties of the maze. Although informative, this study clearly needs to be replica ...
... transmission of cortical information through the entorhinal cortex results in marked changes in place cell activity. This information seems to concern a variety of cues some of which might be related to the physical properties of the maze. Although informative, this study clearly needs to be replica ...
A Glossary
... cerebellum: A brain structure located at the top of the brain stem that coordinates the brain’s instructions for skilled, repetitive movements and helps maintain balance and posture. Recent research also suggests the cerebellum may play a role, along with the cerebrum, in some emotional and cognitiv ...
... cerebellum: A brain structure located at the top of the brain stem that coordinates the brain’s instructions for skilled, repetitive movements and helps maintain balance and posture. Recent research also suggests the cerebellum may play a role, along with the cerebrum, in some emotional and cognitiv ...
A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial
... The video component of this article can be found at http://www.jove.com/video/50991/ ...
... The video component of this article can be found at http://www.jove.com/video/50991/ ...
Neuropsychologia Hippocampal activation during episodic and
... in hippocampal and adjacent MTL structures. For example, Maguire, Frackowiak, and Frith (1997) reported activation in parahippocampal gyrus when experienced London taxi-drivers were required to find novel routes from one location to another when familiar routes were blocked. Few neuroimaging studies, ...
... in hippocampal and adjacent MTL structures. For example, Maguire, Frackowiak, and Frith (1997) reported activation in parahippocampal gyrus when experienced London taxi-drivers were required to find novel routes from one location to another when familiar routes were blocked. Few neuroimaging studies, ...
Précis of The Brain and Emotion
... medical disorders of these systems (such as altered emotional behavior after brain damage, depression, anxiety and addiction). It is because of the intended relevance to humans that emphasis is placed on research in non–human primates. It turns out that many of the brain systems involved in emotion ...
... medical disorders of these systems (such as altered emotional behavior after brain damage, depression, anxiety and addiction). It is because of the intended relevance to humans that emphasis is placed on research in non–human primates. It turns out that many of the brain systems involved in emotion ...
From view cells and place cells to cognitive map learning
... pyramidal cells express transitions between places and CA1 pyramidal cells try to select the most appropriate transition according to a particular motivation (information coming from the prefrontal cortex through EC medial connections, for instance). The selected transition can easily be associated ...
... pyramidal cells express transitions between places and CA1 pyramidal cells try to select the most appropriate transition according to a particular motivation (information coming from the prefrontal cortex through EC medial connections, for instance). The selected transition can easily be associated ...
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Neuroscience:
... used. One of the key elements of the human brain’s ability to change through neuroplasticity is creation of interconnections between neurons based on their simultaneous firing over a period of time. This concept is captured in the aphorism, "neurons that fire together, wire together"/"neurons that f ...
... used. One of the key elements of the human brain’s ability to change through neuroplasticity is creation of interconnections between neurons based on their simultaneous firing over a period of time. This concept is captured in the aphorism, "neurons that fire together, wire together"/"neurons that f ...
Brain and Behavior
... Learning Objective 2.4.2 – Explain how and why the brain is “split” and the resulting behavioral effects experienced by individuals who have undergone this type of brain surgery. Learning Objective 2.4.3 – Describe the functions of the left cerebral hemisphere. Learning Objective 2.4.4 – Describe th ...
... Learning Objective 2.4.2 – Explain how and why the brain is “split” and the resulting behavioral effects experienced by individuals who have undergone this type of brain surgery. Learning Objective 2.4.3 – Describe the functions of the left cerebral hemisphere. Learning Objective 2.4.4 – Describe th ...
Slide 1
... FIGURE 41.12 Molecular mechanisms of neuroadaptation. Cocaine and amphetamines, as indirect sympathomimetics, stimulate the release of dopamine which acts at G protein-coupled receptors, specifically D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. These receptorsmodulate the levels of second-messengers like cyclic adenosi ...
... FIGURE 41.12 Molecular mechanisms of neuroadaptation. Cocaine and amphetamines, as indirect sympathomimetics, stimulate the release of dopamine which acts at G protein-coupled receptors, specifically D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. These receptorsmodulate the levels of second-messengers like cyclic adenosi ...
NEURO PresentationWORKING students B
... • Fibers to caudate nucleus and putamen • Fibers to the red nucleus, which then sends axons to the cord in the rubrospinal tract • Reticular substance, vestibular nuclei and pons then to the cerebellum ...
... • Fibers to caudate nucleus and putamen • Fibers to the red nucleus, which then sends axons to the cord in the rubrospinal tract • Reticular substance, vestibular nuclei and pons then to the cerebellum ...
Diencephalon and Hypothalamus
... Secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin into the circulation. A. Oxytocin—(Greek for “rapid birth”)- Produced by: neurons in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Functions: 1. acts on uterine smooth muscle to stimulate myometrial contractions and accelerates parturition (thus oxytocin or sy ...
... Secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin into the circulation. A. Oxytocin—(Greek for “rapid birth”)- Produced by: neurons in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Functions: 1. acts on uterine smooth muscle to stimulate myometrial contractions and accelerates parturition (thus oxytocin or sy ...
Prefrontal abilities
... possible, at least on a neuroanatomical structure basis, for many millennia and the ongoing accomplishments are based only on accumulated information. A third theory suggests that subtle alterations in the hierarchical structure of higher cortical functions in the human brain allow behavioral evolut ...
... possible, at least on a neuroanatomical structure basis, for many millennia and the ongoing accomplishments are based only on accumulated information. A third theory suggests that subtle alterations in the hierarchical structure of higher cortical functions in the human brain allow behavioral evolut ...
Current Opinion in Neurobiology (2004)
... research using experimental manipulation of one structure while recording in the other [26,27]. This research shows that interactions between BLA and OFC play an important part in the development of expectancy coding, and reveals additional differences between BLA and OFC function in odor discri ...
... research using experimental manipulation of one structure while recording in the other [26,27]. This research shows that interactions between BLA and OFC play an important part in the development of expectancy coding, and reveals additional differences between BLA and OFC function in odor discri ...
Why Do We Sleep - The Dallas Philosophers Forum
... memory formation and retrieval. This correlates well with the studies we have already discussed. It also explains the ability of dreams to dredge up old memories and to review information or memories made during the day. Another area that becomes highly active during REM sleep is the associative sen ...
... memory formation and retrieval. This correlates well with the studies we have already discussed. It also explains the ability of dreams to dredge up old memories and to review information or memories made during the day. Another area that becomes highly active during REM sleep is the associative sen ...
Treating patients diagnosed with psychogenic non
... • Trauma can transform the brain: • Limbic system (emotion center): fear and vigilance • Memory center is near limbic system: intense reaction to memories and forgetfulness of others • Prefrontal cortex: problem solving and emotion control • Left hemisphere: language dominant in most and could expla ...
... • Trauma can transform the brain: • Limbic system (emotion center): fear and vigilance • Memory center is near limbic system: intense reaction to memories and forgetfulness of others • Prefrontal cortex: problem solving and emotion control • Left hemisphere: language dominant in most and could expla ...
Ch19 Lecture
... Learned fears can be the source of many of the so-called anxiety disorders. • Post-traumatic stress disorder • Phobias • Panic Attacks Thus, from a clinical perspective understanding how fears can be removed is very important. The process known as extinction plays a central role in fear removal. In ...
... Learned fears can be the source of many of the so-called anxiety disorders. • Post-traumatic stress disorder • Phobias • Panic Attacks Thus, from a clinical perspective understanding how fears can be removed is very important. The process known as extinction plays a central role in fear removal. In ...
Limbic system
The limbic system (or paleomammalian brain) is a complex set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum. It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. It includes the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas.The limbic system supports a variety of functions including epinephrine flow, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories.Although the term only originated in the 1940s, some neuroscientists, including Joseph LeDoux, have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate.