GENE EXPRESSION AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL
... tRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzes the attachment of amino acids to tRNA One for each of 20 different amino acids 2 reactions result in tRNA with amino acid attached or charged tRNA or aminoacyl tRNA Ability of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to recognize appropriate tRNA has been called the ...
... tRNA Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzes the attachment of amino acids to tRNA One for each of 20 different amino acids 2 reactions result in tRNA with amino acid attached or charged tRNA or aminoacyl tRNA Ability of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase to recognize appropriate tRNA has been called the ...
Are All Cells Alike?
... (8) smooth ER (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole (11) cytoplasm (12) lysosome (13) centrioles ...
... (8) smooth ER (9) mitochondria (10) vacuole (11) cytoplasm (12) lysosome (13) centrioles ...
Chapter 25 Molecular Basis of Inheritance
... - then larger subunit joins onto the small one to complete the ribosome structure -elongation - ribosome is only large enough to handle two mRNA codons at a time - “R-site”: new codon location - “P-site”: old codon location - polypeptide lengthens one amino acid at a time -ribosome large enough to t ...
... - then larger subunit joins onto the small one to complete the ribosome structure -elongation - ribosome is only large enough to handle two mRNA codons at a time - “R-site”: new codon location - “P-site”: old codon location - polypeptide lengthens one amino acid at a time -ribosome large enough to t ...
control of gene expression
... • Promotor sequence and how conserved it is (affects RNA polymerase binding) • -10 and –35 sequences and how conserved • Sigma factors • Whether or not a repressor protein is present • Enhancer/activator sequences • Once the transcript has been produced there is the opportunity for anti sense RNAs t ...
... • Promotor sequence and how conserved it is (affects RNA polymerase binding) • -10 and –35 sequences and how conserved • Sigma factors • Whether or not a repressor protein is present • Enhancer/activator sequences • Once the transcript has been produced there is the opportunity for anti sense RNAs t ...
Chapter 9 Slide PDF
... (f) Steps d and e are repeated over and over until the ribosome encounters a stop codon in the mRNA. The mRNA transcript and the new poypeptide chain are released from the ribosome. The two ribosomal subunits separate from each other. Translation is now complete. Either the polypeptide chain will jo ...
... (f) Steps d and e are repeated over and over until the ribosome encounters a stop codon in the mRNA. The mRNA transcript and the new poypeptide chain are released from the ribosome. The two ribosomal subunits separate from each other. Translation is now complete. Either the polypeptide chain will jo ...
Lecture4 Biol302 Spring2012
... initiator tRNA is not formylated. The initiation complex forms at the 5’ terminus of the mRNA, not at the Shine-Dalgarno/AUG translation start site. The initiation complex scans the mRNA for an AUG initiation codon. Translation usually begins at the first AUG. Kozak’s Rules describe the optimal s ...
... initiator tRNA is not formylated. The initiation complex forms at the 5’ terminus of the mRNA, not at the Shine-Dalgarno/AUG translation start site. The initiation complex scans the mRNA for an AUG initiation codon. Translation usually begins at the first AUG. Kozak’s Rules describe the optimal s ...
Chapter 12 Translation and the Genetic Code
... initiator tRNA is not formylated. The initiation complex forms at the 5’ terminus of the mRNA, not at the Shine-Dalgarno/AUG translation start site. The initiation complex scans the mRNA for an AUG initiation codon. Translation usually begins at the first AUG. Kozak’s Rules describe the optimal s ...
... initiator tRNA is not formylated. The initiation complex forms at the 5’ terminus of the mRNA, not at the Shine-Dalgarno/AUG translation start site. The initiation complex scans the mRNA for an AUG initiation codon. Translation usually begins at the first AUG. Kozak’s Rules describe the optimal s ...
Document
... and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms. It composes the predominant material within the ribosome, which is ca. 60% rRNA and 40% protein by weight. Ribosomes contain two major rRNAs and 50 or more proteins.The LSU rRNA acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing peptide bond formation. The ...
... and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms. It composes the predominant material within the ribosome, which is ca. 60% rRNA and 40% protein by weight. Ribosomes contain two major rRNAs and 50 or more proteins.The LSU rRNA acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing peptide bond formation. The ...
Transcription and Translation ppt
... To get from DNA (in nucleic acid language) to protein (in amino acid language) requires two steps. 1. Transcription- a DNA strand provides a template for the synthesis of a complementary RNA strand. This molecule is called mRNA (messenger RNA). DNA is too valuable to be allowed to exit the nucleus. ...
... To get from DNA (in nucleic acid language) to protein (in amino acid language) requires two steps. 1. Transcription- a DNA strand provides a template for the synthesis of a complementary RNA strand. This molecule is called mRNA (messenger RNA). DNA is too valuable to be allowed to exit the nucleus. ...
RNA Synthesis and Splicing
... A rRNA precursor of Tetrahymena (protozoan) splices itself in the presence of guanosine (G) as co-factor The L19 RNA is a intron that is catalytical active ...
... A rRNA precursor of Tetrahymena (protozoan) splices itself in the presence of guanosine (G) as co-factor The L19 RNA is a intron that is catalytical active ...
Powerpoint Slides 5.2
... structure and is inaccessible to ribosomes. 2) The replicase copies the viral RNA into a minus strand and this is then copied into progeny plus strands. The 2ndry structure changes continually during copying as new base pairs form during strand elongation. 3) As new plus strands are synthesized, the ...
... structure and is inaccessible to ribosomes. 2) The replicase copies the viral RNA into a minus strand and this is then copied into progeny plus strands. The 2ndry structure changes continually during copying as new base pairs form during strand elongation. 3) As new plus strands are synthesized, the ...
06vir2
... LTR - long terminal repeat promoter, CIS! GAG (capsid/protease) and POL (RT/INT) ENV - surface protein and tat (TRANS activator) ...
... LTR - long terminal repeat promoter, CIS! GAG (capsid/protease) and POL (RT/INT) ENV - surface protein and tat (TRANS activator) ...
Chapter 17~ From Gene to Protein
... enzyme which bonds amino acid to tRNA bond requires energy ATP AMP bond is unstable so it can release amino acid at ribosome easily ...
... enzyme which bonds amino acid to tRNA bond requires energy ATP AMP bond is unstable so it can release amino acid at ribosome easily ...
Chapter 12. Protein biosynthesis (P215, sP875)
... 2) Transfer RNAs: the fidelity of protein biosynthesis requires tRNAs to serve as adapters that can recognize the correspondent codons and carry amino acids to the right positions in translation. ...
... 2) Transfer RNAs: the fidelity of protein biosynthesis requires tRNAs to serve as adapters that can recognize the correspondent codons and carry amino acids to the right positions in translation. ...
Background Assumed for Upper Division Courses
... 2. Reproduction of the genetic information = replication of a double helix A. SEMICONSERVATIVE B. DNA POLYMERASE C. Role of complementary base pairing D. DISCONTINUOUS on one strand & continuous on the other because 3'=>5' on each molecule 3. Use of the genetic information = protein synthesis A. TR ...
... 2. Reproduction of the genetic information = replication of a double helix A. SEMICONSERVATIVE B. DNA POLYMERASE C. Role of complementary base pairing D. DISCONTINUOUS on one strand & continuous on the other because 3'=>5' on each molecule 3. Use of the genetic information = protein synthesis A. TR ...
File
... Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Pages 94-123 Concept 6.2 I) Every organism’s basic structure/function unit is either prokaryotic or eukaryotic A) All cells have the same basic features 1) Plasma membrane: bind the cell together 2) Cytosol: found in the plasma membrane, semifluid substance, all organel ...
... Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell Pages 94-123 Concept 6.2 I) Every organism’s basic structure/function unit is either prokaryotic or eukaryotic A) All cells have the same basic features 1) Plasma membrane: bind the cell together 2) Cytosol: found in the plasma membrane, semifluid substance, all organel ...
Translation
... pre-tRNAs contain introns; in bacteria these self-splice, whereas in eukaryotes and archaea they are removed by tRNA splicing endonuclease. ...
... pre-tRNAs contain introns; in bacteria these self-splice, whereas in eukaryotes and archaea they are removed by tRNA splicing endonuclease. ...
5` cap Large subunit attaches
... The mRNA joins to the small ribosomal unit at the 5' untranslated region. This subunit binds to a special binding site on the attaches small ribosomal subunit ...
... The mRNA joins to the small ribosomal unit at the 5' untranslated region. This subunit binds to a special binding site on the attaches small ribosomal subunit ...
protein synthesis overview
... • POLY(A) TAIL = SEQUENCE OF ABOUT 30 TO 200 ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES ADDED TO THE 3’ END OF mRNA – MAY INHIBIT DEGRADATION OF mRNA IN THE CYTOPLASM – MAY FACILITATE ATTACHMENT TO SMALL RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT – MAY REGULATE PROTEIN SYNTEHSIS BY FACILITATING mRNA’S EXPORT FROM NUCLEUS – IS NOT DIRECTLY ATTACHE ...
... • POLY(A) TAIL = SEQUENCE OF ABOUT 30 TO 200 ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES ADDED TO THE 3’ END OF mRNA – MAY INHIBIT DEGRADATION OF mRNA IN THE CYTOPLASM – MAY FACILITATE ATTACHMENT TO SMALL RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT – MAY REGULATE PROTEIN SYNTEHSIS BY FACILITATING mRNA’S EXPORT FROM NUCLEUS – IS NOT DIRECTLY ATTACHE ...
Proteins Synthesis
... 2. Translation = synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA Linear sequence of bases in mRNA is translated into the linear sequence of amino acids Translation occurs at protein-synthesizing machinery, which consists of ribosomes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and proteins that ...
... 2. Translation = synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA Linear sequence of bases in mRNA is translated into the linear sequence of amino acids Translation occurs at protein-synthesizing machinery, which consists of ribosomes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and proteins that ...
Microscope technique reveals for first time when and
... be critical for studying the molecular basis of disease, for example, how dysregulation of protein synthesis in brain cells can lead to the memory deficits that occur in neurodegeneration." Dr. Singer also holds the Harold and Muriel Block Chair in Anatomy & Structural Biology at Einstein. The direc ...
... be critical for studying the molecular basis of disease, for example, how dysregulation of protein synthesis in brain cells can lead to the memory deficits that occur in neurodegeneration." Dr. Singer also holds the Harold and Muriel Block Chair in Anatomy & Structural Biology at Einstein. The direc ...
Cell Organelles
... are packaged into vesicles. Vesicles then transport the newly made proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus In the Golgi, proteins are processed and then packaged into new vesicles. Many of these vesicles move to the cell membrane. The vesicle fuses with the membrane and releases their cont ...
... are packaged into vesicles. Vesicles then transport the newly made proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus In the Golgi, proteins are processed and then packaged into new vesicles. Many of these vesicles move to the cell membrane. The vesicle fuses with the membrane and releases their cont ...
Protein Synthesis
... 4) The complimentary nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between the strands. 5) A is complimentary to T and G is complimentary to C. 6) The Diameter is 20 A(2nm) 7) The 2 polynucleotide chains are not identical but complimentary to each other. 8) The hydrogen bonds formed between purine and pyrim ...
... 4) The complimentary nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between the strands. 5) A is complimentary to T and G is complimentary to C. 6) The Diameter is 20 A(2nm) 7) The 2 polynucleotide chains are not identical but complimentary to each other. 8) The hydrogen bonds formed between purine and pyrim ...
Ribosome
The ribosome (/ˈraɪbɵˌzoʊm/) is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins. The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.The sequence of DNA encoding for a protein may be copied many times into RNA chains of a similar sequence. Ribosomes can bind to an RNA chain and use it as a template for determining the correct sequence of amino acids in a particular protein. Amino acids are selected, collected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA molecules), which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure.A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two subunits: 1. a smaller subunit which binds to a larger subunit and the mRNA pattern, and 2. a larger subunit which binds to the tRNA, the amino acids, and the smaller subunit. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often embedded in the intercellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (the three domains of life on Earth) differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA. The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected. In bacteria and archaea, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time, each ""reading"" its sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule. The ribosomes in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria.