Carbon Bond - Rutgers Chemistry
... from the fact that M-H bonds are generally stronger than M-R bonds. The fact that these exchange reactions are reversible raised the possibility that the hydride complex could be used to catalyze H/D exchange from readily available deuterated organic molecules, such as d6-benzene, into less easily d ...
... from the fact that M-H bonds are generally stronger than M-R bonds. The fact that these exchange reactions are reversible raised the possibility that the hydride complex could be used to catalyze H/D exchange from readily available deuterated organic molecules, such as d6-benzene, into less easily d ...
Elimination Reactions
... In addition to substitution, alkyl halides can also undergo elimination reactions, which lead to the formation of alkenes. As with substitution reactions, elimination reactions come in two mechanistic types: E1 eliminations (a two-step process involving an intermediate carbocation) E2 eliminations ( ...
... In addition to substitution, alkyl halides can also undergo elimination reactions, which lead to the formation of alkenes. As with substitution reactions, elimination reactions come in two mechanistic types: E1 eliminations (a two-step process involving an intermediate carbocation) E2 eliminations ( ...
Heck Reactions
... structure and reactivity (the lower the phosphine/Pd ratio, the more reactive the catalyst). A general ratio for high activity system is 2:1. Pd(II) precatalysts include Pd(OAc)2, PdCl2(CH3CN), Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, and Pd[(allyl)Cl]2. These complexes are air stable and reduced by phosphines, water, and ami ...
... structure and reactivity (the lower the phosphine/Pd ratio, the more reactive the catalyst). A general ratio for high activity system is 2:1. Pd(II) precatalysts include Pd(OAc)2, PdCl2(CH3CN), Pd(PPh3)2Cl2, and Pd[(allyl)Cl]2. These complexes are air stable and reduced by phosphines, water, and ami ...
Topics 10 and 20 Outline
... • Alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with acids (also called esterification or condensation) and some undergo oxidation reactions. • Halogenoalkanes are more reactive than alkanes. They can undergo (nucleophilic) substitution reactions. A nucleophile is an electron-rich species con ...
... • Alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution reactions with acids (also called esterification or condensation) and some undergo oxidation reactions. • Halogenoalkanes are more reactive than alkanes. They can undergo (nucleophilic) substitution reactions. A nucleophile is an electron-rich species con ...
Cracking (chemistry)
In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkanes and alkenes. Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking a long-chain of hydrocarbons into short ones. More loosely, outside the field of petroleum chemistry, the term ""cracking"" is used to describe any type of splitting of molecules under the influence of heat, catalysts and solvents, such as in processes of destructive distillation or pyrolysis. Fluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of petrol and LPG, while hydrocracking is a major source of jet fuel, Diesel fuel, naphtha, and again yields LPG.