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Dengue Fever/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Dengue Fever/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

... specifically how the disease re-established itself, but in a time of worldwide air travel, legal and illegal immigration, and international commerce, it should be no surprise that this has occurred. Key West is a mere ninety miles from Cuba, and it is not uncommon for “rafters” to land unannounced o ...
Full Text  - Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases
Full Text - Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases

... those who have been in contact with fresh blood and infected tissue. In house-keepers who are also likely to be exposed to contaminated meat, CCHF was also diagnosed (1,4-6). In our study, from 67 infected women all were house-keeper and all infected pregnant women had a history of chopping fresh me ...
Feverish Illness in Children
Feverish Illness in Children

...  Use traffic light system to predict risk of ...
Information Sheet Yellow Fever Vaccination
Information Sheet Yellow Fever Vaccination

... Yellow fever is an acute life-threatening infectious disease which can be fatal. The yellow fever virus is transmitted by mosquitos. It occurs in certain tropical regions of South America and Africa designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as yellow fever risk areas. In these areas the dise ...
Lectures 12 & 13
Lectures 12 & 13

... Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors (cont.) Invasiveness in Shigella-Associated Dysentery  Penetrate through mucosal surface of colon (colonic mucosa) and invade and multiply in the colonic epithelium but do not typically invade beyond the epithelium into the lamina propria (thin layer of fibrous c ...
Travel and Tropical Medicine
Travel and Tropical Medicine

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... Protection from measles, mumps and rubella after getting the vaccine is probably lifelong. However, sometimes children may acquire the infection after vaccination, but the disease will be milder. The length of chicken pox protection after the MMRV is not known, but children who receive the vaccine a ...
BANANAS HANDOUT Exposure Notice
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... with a high-pitched “whooping” sound. Symptoms are more severe in infants. Vaccine-preventable, but protection decreases over time. Adults who care for infants and young children should be vaccinated. Exposed individuals who are coughing should get an appropriate evaluation and treatment. Report the ...
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vaccination requirements and malaria chemoprophylaxis for un staff

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Viral hemorrhagic fever
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The CDC says that there is not a limit on how many vaccines the
The CDC says that there is not a limit on how many vaccines the

... vaccines many people would die daily of infectious disease. We don’t have to look back too far in history to see that many people died from diseases such as small pox, influenza, measles and polio before we had vaccines against them. Small pox was the first disease eradicated completely from the pla ...
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Overview of emerging and detection of arboviral
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... of encephalitis, arboviral disease was suggested as a diagnosis. Blood specimens collected over the course of the patient’s illness were tested for anti-West Nile fever antibodies and Seroconversion was indicated in testing of the serial specimens. RT-PCR analysis on the earliest collected blood and ...
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IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)

... Malaria and typhoid fever are among the most endemic diseases in Africa. In the investigation and diagnosis of fever in Nigeria, two important diagnoses to be ruled out are malaria and typhoid. Both diseases have been associated with poverty and under development with significant death rates [1]. An ...
ID QOD review
ID QOD review

... medications also include phenytoin, albuterol via nebulizer, ipratropium, and ranitidine. Urinalysis reveals more than 100 white blood cells per highpower field and is positive for leukocyte esterase and nitrites. ...
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Typhoid fever



Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a symptomatic bacterial infection due to Salmonella typhi. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe and usually begin six to thirty days after exposure. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. Weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, and headaches also commonly occur. Diarrhea and vomiting are uncommon. Some people develop a skin rash with rose colored spots. In severe cases there may be confusion. Without treatment symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may carry the bacterium without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others. Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever along with paratyphoid fever.The cause is the bacterium Salmonella typhi, also known as Salmonella enterica serotype typhi, growing in the intestines and blood. Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. Risk factors include poor sanitation and poor hygiene. Those who travel to the developing world are also at risk. Humans are the only animal infected. Diagnosis is by either culturing the bacteria or detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow. Culturing the bacterium can be difficult. Bone marrow testing is the most accurate. Symptoms are similar to that of many other infectious diseases. Typhus is a different disease.A typhoid vaccine can prevent about 50% to 70% of cases. The vaccine may be effective for up to seven years. It is recommended for those at high risk or people traveling to areas where the disease is common. Other efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean drinking water, better sanitation, and better handwashing. Until it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual should not prepare food for others. Treatment of disease is with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporins. Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment of the disease more difficult.In 2010 there were 27 million cases reported. The disease is most common in India, and children are most commonly affected. Rates of disease decreased in the developed world in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and use of antibiotics to treat the disease. About 400 cases are reported and the disease is estimated to occur in about 6,000 people per year in the United States. In 2013 it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990 (about 0.3% of the global total). The risk of death may be as high as 25% without treatment, while with treatment it is between 1 and 4%. The name typhoid means ""resembling typhus"" due to the similarity in symptoms.
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