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Sample chapter - Computer Science and Software Engineering
Sample chapter - Computer Science and Software Engineering

... in the structure of the sketches. One common element in these sketches he called landmarks6 , or, in his understanding, identifiable objects which serve as external reference points. Our definition of landmarks is purely functional: being a landmark is a role that objects from any category can play. ...
The role of artificial intelligence techniques in training
The role of artificial intelligence techniques in training

... possibility to model expertise. This expertise is the main feature of AI-based courseware: the system is able to solve the problems that the learner has to solve. The system is knowledgeable in the domain to be taught. Of course, other computing techniques can produce a correct solution. The interes ...
Karlsruhe Text - Tecfa
Karlsruhe Text - Tecfa

... techniques is less their ability to produce a correct solution than the way that this solution is constructed. For instance, some complex AI systems have been design to model the resolution of simple subtraction such as '234-98', while any computer language can produce the correct solution (Burton & ...
SELF ESTEEM IN ADOLESENCE TURKESSA ROBINSON CHILD
SELF ESTEEM IN ADOLESENCE TURKESSA ROBINSON CHILD

... through many changes. These changes, combined with a natural desire to feel accepted means it can be tempting for some people to compare themselves to others. Teens may compare themselves with people around them or with actors and celebrities they see on television, or in magazines. It is impossibl ...
contemporary dilemma for the Jesuit social activist
contemporary dilemma for the Jesuit social activist

... this will lead to further discussion among all American Jesuits in private, or in small groups, or in community meetings. All this is done in the spirit of Vatican Council II' s recommendation to religious institutes to recapture the original charismatic inspiration of their founders and to adapt it ...
Interaction-based Invention: Designing Novel Devices from First
Interaction-based Invention: Designing Novel Devices from First

... interactions and comparing the result with the desired interaction . A strategy for proposing the interconnection of interactions is faced with an enormous space of possibilities . To cope, This generates candidate solutions by focussing first on the most constraining features of interactions . . . ...
AI#Kindergarten:.A.method.for.developing.biological#like.artificial
AI#Kindergarten:.A.method.for.developing.biological#like.artificial

... towards!outside!but!in!another!policy!(one!level!lower)!that!acts!within!the!agent!and! changes!its!properties!as!a!function!of!feedback!obtained!from!the!environment,!just!a! small!increase!in!size!of!the!lower!policy!can!make!the!agent!as!a!whole!capable!of! increasing!multifold!the!total!variety! ...
A new kind of symmetry: Actor-network theories
A new kind of symmetry: Actor-network theories

... through the International Adult Literacy Survev count as an actor-network analysis? Or Simon Pardoe's (2000) application of the principle of symmetry to his research on student writing? And what of the 'partial connections' cited by John Law (1999, p 11) between Donna Haraway's (1989) concept of the ...
Week 2
Week 2

... When it is defined as internal, it is an expression of an individual’s being or consciousness; when external, it is the material on which consciousness then acts. […] It operates within an ideological construction that not only makes individuals the starting point of knowledge, but that also natural ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Reward Engineering Principle
Reinforcement Learning and the Reward Engineering Principle

... face designers and operators of increasingly general and autonomous reinforcement learning agents. To some, these problems may be immediately apparent, and the formalisms presented later will not be necessary. To others, these problems may seem easily solvable, or not interestingly specific to reinf ...
Copyright © 2001. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2001. All Rights Reserved.

... for careful, effortful deliberations regarding the merits of the recommendation (Petty & Cacioppo, 1984). This contrasts with the view that the number of arguments generally leads to more message processing (see Chaiken, 1980). In our study, subjects were exposed to either three or nine arguments fo ...
LEARNING AND TEACHING : THEORIES, APPROACHES AND
LEARNING AND TEACHING : THEORIES, APPROACHES AND

... through the same simple rules whether they are simple or complex. ...
behaviorist approach - International Journal on New Trends in
behaviorist approach - International Journal on New Trends in

... through the same simple rules whether they are simple or complex. ...
Perception of three-dimensional structure from motion
Perception of three-dimensional structure from motion

... that MT is involved in the depth orderexpansion and rotation. Consistent with this anatomical hierarchy, receptive-field diameters (typically <2 deg in ing of surfaces. This segmentation by V1, 5–20 deg in MT, and often >100 deg in MST) progressively increase, suggesting an integration and elaborati ...
Brachet - UB Computer Science and Engineering
Brachet - UB Computer Science and Engineering

... 1. “The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by humans.” ...
A MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM WITH APPLICATION IN PROJECT
A MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM WITH APPLICATION IN PROJECT

... The traditional place of the scheduling is between planning and execution. It produces decisions on the specific resources, operations, and their timing to perform the activities (the schedule).Project scheduling, as a NP-complete problem, is a difficult task for the human planners and schedulers (H ...
Copyright © 2001. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2001. All Rights Reserved.

... to avoid effortful thinking (Cacioppo, Petty, & Morris, 1983), view the appeal as being personally inconsequential (Petty & Cacioppo, 1979), are engaged in a distracting task during their exposure to the appeal (Petty, Wells, & Brock, 1976), or possess little prior knowledge on the issue (Cacioppo & ...
Knowledge and the curriculum - Brunel University Research Archive
Knowledge and the curriculum - Brunel University Research Archive

... multifaceted phenomenon. The requirements for a curriculum for learning mathematics are, after all, quite different from curricula concerned with, for example, car mechanics, aviation, brain surgery, beauty therapy, citizenship, critical thinking, and so on. It is also important not to think of thes ...
Multi-Agent System
Multi-Agent System

... • During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people • NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft ...
Mapping the Landscape of Human-Level Artificial
Mapping the Landscape of Human-Level Artificial

... The psychological approach to intelligence encompasses a broad variety of subapproaches rather than presenting a unified perspective. Viewed historically, efforts to conceptualize, define, and measure intelligence in humans reflect a distinct trend from general to specific (Gregory 1996), much like ...
X - Natural Language Processing Lab., Korea University
X - Natural Language Processing Lab., Korea University

... mechanistic terms, just as medical science seeks to understand the working of the body in mechanistic terms.  Understand intelligent thought processes, ...
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Today`s
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Today`s

... Ultimately to be tested by the Turing Test This require physical interaction with environment:- Natural language processing, Knowledge representation, Automated reasoning, Machine learning. Intelligence takes many forms, which are not necessarily best tested this way. Is it important that an intelli ...
CogSketch: Sketch Understanding for Cognitive Science Research
CogSketch: Sketch Understanding for Cognitive Science Research

... CogSketch to sketching anything for which it has conceptual knowledge. This is what we mean by open-domain sketch understanding. We want CogSketch to model the perceptual, spatial, and conceptual understanding that people bring to sketching. Our key hypotheses are as follows: Hypothesis: Perceptual ...
CS 561a: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
CS 561a: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

... • One is biological, based on the idea that since humans are intelligent, AI should study humans and imitate their psychology or physiology. • The other is phenomenal, based on studying and formalizing common sense facts about the world and the problems that the world presents to the achievement of ...
CS 460: Artificial Intelligence
CS 460: Artificial Intelligence

... • One is biological, based on the idea that since humans are intelligent, AI should study humans and imitate their psychology or physiology. • The other is phenomenal, based on studying and formalizing common sense facts about the world and the problems that the world presents to the achievement of ...
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Enactivism

Enactivism argues that cognition arises through a dynamic interaction between an acting organism and its environment. It claims that our environment is one which we selectively create through our capacities to interact with the world. ""Organisms do not passively receive information from their environments, which they then translate into internal representations. Natural cognitive systems...participate in the generation of meaning ...engaging in transformational and not merely informational interactions: they enact a world."" These authors suggest that the increasing emphasis upon enactive terminology presages a new era in thinking about cognitive science. How the actions involved in enactivism relate to age-old questions about free will remains a topic of active debate.The term 'enactivism' is close in meaning to 'enaction', defined as ""the manner in which a subject of perception creatively matches its actions to the requirements of its situation"". The introduction of the term enaction in this context is attributed to Francisco Varela, Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch, who proposed the name to ""emphasize the growing conviction that cognition is not the representation of a pre-given world by a pre-given mind but is rather the enactment of a world and a mind on the basis of a history of the variety of actions that a being in the world performs"". This was further developed by Thompson and others, to place emphasis upon the idea that experience of the world is a result of mutual interaction between the sensorimotor capacities of the organism and its environment.The initial emphasis of enactivism upon sensorimotor skills has been criticized as ""cognitively marginal"", but it has been extended to apply to higher level cognitive activities, such as social interactions. ""In the enactive view,... knowledge is constructed: it is constructed by an agent through its sensorimotor interactions with its environment, co-constructed between and within living species through their meaningful interaction with each other. In its most abstract form, knowledge is co-constructed between human individuals in socio-linguistic interactions...Science is a particular form of social knowledge construction...[that] allows us to perceive and predict events beyond our immediate cognitive grasp...and also to construct further, even more powerful scientific knowledge.""Enactivism is closely related to situated cognition and embodied cognition, and is presented as an alternative to cognitivism, computationalism, and Cartesian dualism.
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