some historical information on electromagnetism
... conductors must reside on their surfaces and be so distributed that the electric force within the conductor vanishes. ca. 1813 - Laplace shows that at the surface of a conductor the electric force is perpendicular to the surface. 1813 - Karl Friedrich Gauss rediscovers what will later become known a ...
... conductors must reside on their surfaces and be so distributed that the electric force within the conductor vanishes. ca. 1813 - Laplace shows that at the surface of a conductor the electric force is perpendicular to the surface. 1813 - Karl Friedrich Gauss rediscovers what will later become known a ...
Class16review
... • Electrons (and other elementary “particles”) have intrinsic magnetic fields, identified by spin • The scattering of electrons in a ferromagnetic material depends on the spin of the electrons • Layers of ferromagnetic material with alternating directions of magnetization exhibit maximum resistance ...
... • Electrons (and other elementary “particles”) have intrinsic magnetic fields, identified by spin • The scattering of electrons in a ferromagnetic material depends on the spin of the electrons • Layers of ferromagnetic material with alternating directions of magnetization exhibit maximum resistance ...
Direct Losses of Injected Particles in Torsatrons/Heliotrons
... multiple-helicity and the multiple-toroidicity character. By numerical computations done in Ref. 4 it has been demonstrated that in a number of configurations with discrete TF and/or MF coils, accounting of the highorder N ≥ 2 distant satellite harmonics in expansion (1) can change considerably the ...
... multiple-helicity and the multiple-toroidicity character. By numerical computations done in Ref. 4 it has been demonstrated that in a number of configurations with discrete TF and/or MF coils, accounting of the highorder N ≥ 2 distant satellite harmonics in expansion (1) can change considerably the ...
Particle motion (powerpoint)
... The force accelerates the particle leading to a higher velocity The higher velocity however means a larger Larmor radius The circular orbit no longer closes on itself A drift results. ...
... The force accelerates the particle leading to a higher velocity The higher velocity however means a larger Larmor radius The circular orbit no longer closes on itself A drift results. ...
ELECTROMAGNETISM
... At this stage, you understand roughly as much about the classification of interactions as physicists understood around the year 1800. There appear to be three fundamentally different types of interactions: gravitational, electrical, and magnetic. Many types of interactions that appear superficially ...
... At this stage, you understand roughly as much about the classification of interactions as physicists understood around the year 1800. There appear to be three fundamentally different types of interactions: gravitational, electrical, and magnetic. Many types of interactions that appear superficially ...
Brief History of Electromagnetics
... • Self-taught English chemist and physicist discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric field • “Distinct conversion of magnetism into electricity” (Faraday) ...
... • Self-taught English chemist and physicist discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 by which a changing magnetic field induces an electric field • “Distinct conversion of magnetism into electricity” (Faraday) ...
1700_Maxwell_2013aug
... • In our ordinary “3D” view of the world, electric fields are different than magnetic fields, however we see they are complementary • In “4D” we see that they are both the same thing, i.e. we “unify” electricity with magnetism. • We can write Maxwell’s 4 equations in just 2: ...
... • In our ordinary “3D” view of the world, electric fields are different than magnetic fields, however we see they are complementary • In “4D” we see that they are both the same thing, i.e. we “unify” electricity with magnetism. • We can write Maxwell’s 4 equations in just 2: ...
Multiferroics
Multiferroics have been formally defined as materials that exhibit more than one primary ferroic order parameter simultaneously (i.e. in a single phase), and many researchers in the field consider materials to be multiferroics only if they exhibit coupling between primary order parameters. However, the definition of multiferroics can be expanded to include non-primary order parameters, such as antiferromagnetism or ferrimagnetism.The four basic primary ferroic order parameters areferromagnetismferroelectricityferroelasticityferrotoroidicityThe last is a topic of some debate, as there was no evidence for switching ferrotoroidicity until recently.Many multiferroics are transition metal oxides with perovskite crystal structure, and include rare-earth manganites and -ferrites (e.g. TbMnO3, HoMn2O5, LuFe2O4 and recently, ""PZTFT"",). Other examples are the bismuth compounds BiFeO3 and BiMnO3, non-perovskite oxide LiCu2O2, and non-oxides such as BaNiF4 and spinel chalcogenides, e.g. ZnCr2Se4. These alloys show rich phase diagrams combining different ferroic orders in separate phases.Apart from single phase multiferroics, composites and heterostructures exhibiting more than one ferroic order parameter are studied extensively. Some examples include magnetic thin films on piezoelectric PMN-PT substrates and Metglass/PVDF/Metglass trilayer structures.Besides scientific interest in their physical properties, multiferroics have potential for applications as actuators, switches, magnetic field sensors or new types of electronic memory devices.