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Newton`s Law of Universal Gravitation
Newton`s Law of Universal Gravitation

... reasoned that the force of gravity acting on a falling object was proportional to the mass of the object. Then, using his own third law of action-reaction forces, if a falling object such as an apple was attracted to Earth, then Earth must also be attracted to the apple, so the force of gravity must ...
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... Momentum. Sometimes it is your choice whether to use Newton's laws in angular form or the conservation laws. An example of a problem you probably would want to use the Conservation Laws would be a sphere rolling down an irregularly shaped hill. If on the other hand, the hill were the hypotenuse of a ...
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Modified Newtonian dynamics



In physics, modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies. Created in 1983 by Israeli physicist Mordehai Milgrom, the theory's original motivation was to explain the fact that the velocities of stars in galaxies were observed to be larger than expected based on Newtonian mechanics. Milgrom noted that this discrepancy could be resolved if the gravitational force experienced by a star in the outer regions of a galaxy was proportional to the square of its centripetal acceleration (as opposed to the centripetal acceleration itself, as in Newton's Second Law), or alternatively if gravitational force came to vary inversely with radius (as opposed to the inverse square of the radius, as in Newton's Law of Gravity). In MOND, violation of Newton's Laws occurs at extremely small accelerations, characteristic of galaxies yet far below anything typically encountered in the Solar System or on Earth.MOND is an example of a class of theories known as modified gravity, and is an alternative to the hypothesis that the dynamics of galaxies are determined by massive, invisible dark matter halos. Since Milgrom's original proposal, MOND has successfully predicted a variety of galactic phenomena that are difficult to understand from a dark matter perspective. However, MOND and its generalisations do not adequately account for observed properties of galaxy clusters, and no satisfactory cosmological model has been constructed from the theory.
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