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... moves upwards through the crust As a plate moves over this source of magma, volcanoes form at the hot spot. As the plate continues to move, a chain of volcanoes of differing ages forms ...
... moves upwards through the crust As a plate moves over this source of magma, volcanoes form at the hot spot. As the plate continues to move, a chain of volcanoes of differing ages forms ...
Introduction to Structural Geology
... -metamorphic equivalents of above rocks Temperature gradient - +25oC per km in crust and mantle (this change decreases with depth) Convection -moves heat out of liquid core -carries heat transferred from core & from radioactive decay w/in mantle to surface Heat escapes earth by: - Conduction through ...
... -metamorphic equivalents of above rocks Temperature gradient - +25oC per km in crust and mantle (this change decreases with depth) Convection -moves heat out of liquid core -carries heat transferred from core & from radioactive decay w/in mantle to surface Heat escapes earth by: - Conduction through ...
amazonbasingeologicaldevelopment
... • Matching rocks and fossils in Eastern South America and Western Africa; • Matching coastline shapes; • Magnetic “stripes” on Atlantic sea-floor rocks on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Water ran off the continent to the west, depositing sediments into the Pacific Ocean ...
... • Matching rocks and fossils in Eastern South America and Western Africa; • Matching coastline shapes; • Magnetic “stripes” on Atlantic sea-floor rocks on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Water ran off the continent to the west, depositing sediments into the Pacific Ocean ...
divergent boundaries - Thomas C. Cario Middle School
... Divergent boundaries are areas in which plates move The majority of these divergent boundaries are located along the crests of New oceanic crust (lithosphere) is continuously being between the diverging plates. The older crust moves away from the boundary, as it does so, it cools and contracts hence ...
... Divergent boundaries are areas in which plates move The majority of these divergent boundaries are located along the crests of New oceanic crust (lithosphere) is continuously being between the diverging plates. The older crust moves away from the boundary, as it does so, it cools and contracts hence ...
Review Test June
... Most vents occur at points where the crust is much younger than a million years old. The water from the vents is relatively cool at 160 degrees. The structures are composed of carbonate minerals and silica. Iron and sulphur-based minerals form most seafloor hot springs deposits. Rocks in the rugged ...
... Most vents occur at points where the crust is much younger than a million years old. The water from the vents is relatively cool at 160 degrees. The structures are composed of carbonate minerals and silica. Iron and sulphur-based minerals form most seafloor hot springs deposits. Rocks in the rugged ...
marine ecosystem
... Nearly three-fourths of the Earth’s surface is covered by ocean, which consist of the three major kinds of marine communities Shallow oceans waters: The zone of shallow water is small in area, but compared with other parts of the ocean, it is inhabited by large numbers of species. The seashore betwe ...
... Nearly three-fourths of the Earth’s surface is covered by ocean, which consist of the three major kinds of marine communities Shallow oceans waters: The zone of shallow water is small in area, but compared with other parts of the ocean, it is inhabited by large numbers of species. The seashore betwe ...
Magnetic strips in ocean-floor rocks
... • His hypothesis was ‘ in the process of sea-floor spreading, new ocean floor forms along Earth’s mid-ocean ridges, slowly moves outward across ocean basins, and finally sinks back into the mantle beneath deep-ocean trenches.’ New oceanic lithosphere is formed, and the ocean floor gets wider. Exampl ...
... • His hypothesis was ‘ in the process of sea-floor spreading, new ocean floor forms along Earth’s mid-ocean ridges, slowly moves outward across ocean basins, and finally sinks back into the mantle beneath deep-ocean trenches.’ New oceanic lithosphere is formed, and the ocean floor gets wider. Exampl ...
The deep sea The deep sea (below 1km) is by far the largest
... The single largest source of the deep-sea water masses is the Southern Ocean around Antarctica where cold and saline surface waters begin to sink due to its high density. The descent of the Antarctic bottom water (AABW) into the deep sea and equivalent waters from the Arctic is part of a global hydr ...
... The single largest source of the deep-sea water masses is the Southern Ocean around Antarctica where cold and saline surface waters begin to sink due to its high density. The descent of the Antarctic bottom water (AABW) into the deep sea and equivalent waters from the Arctic is part of a global hydr ...
Teacher Notes - Science with Mrs. Lambert
... • THIS PROCESS CONTINUES New crust is formed where? OCEAN RIDGES Then where is it destroyed? DEEP-SEA TRENCHES Make an events chain concept map to show the sequence of steps involved in seafloor spreading using the following: Magma forms ...
... • THIS PROCESS CONTINUES New crust is formed where? OCEAN RIDGES Then where is it destroyed? DEEP-SEA TRENCHES Make an events chain concept map to show the sequence of steps involved in seafloor spreading using the following: Magma forms ...
Planet Earth - Topic 4 (ANSWERS)
... Most of the places were thought to be covered by glaciers. 5. What does SONAR stands for? When is it used? p. 386 Sound Navigation and Ranging. It is used to study the surface at the bottom of the ocean. 6. When scientists used sonar, what did they discover about the oceans? They discovered that the ...
... Most of the places were thought to be covered by glaciers. 5. What does SONAR stands for? When is it used? p. 386 Sound Navigation and Ranging. It is used to study the surface at the bottom of the ocean. 6. When scientists used sonar, what did they discover about the oceans? They discovered that the ...
Divergent Boundaries - Phil Farquharson`s Geo
... Turbidites are layered and exhibit graded bedding (decrease in sediment grain size from bottom to top) Submarine canyons are eroded by turbidity currents ...
... Turbidites are layered and exhibit graded bedding (decrease in sediment grain size from bottom to top) Submarine canyons are eroded by turbidity currents ...
Rocks - Images
... Even More Evidence • Paleomagnetism – As magma cools, iron-rich sediment aligns with magnetic field of Earth – It has been found that the magnetic field of the Earth has changed through time – Pattern of alternating normal and reversed polarity in rocks – Striped magnetic pattern was mirror image o ...
... Even More Evidence • Paleomagnetism – As magma cools, iron-rich sediment aligns with magnetic field of Earth – It has been found that the magnetic field of the Earth has changed through time – Pattern of alternating normal and reversed polarity in rocks – Striped magnetic pattern was mirror image o ...
Announcements
... – Lithosphere (solid crust and upper mantle) is broken into plates. – Tectonic Plate- A large, solid piece of the earth’s crust that includes the continents and ocean floor. – These plates float or ride on the asthenosphere. ...
... – Lithosphere (solid crust and upper mantle) is broken into plates. – Tectonic Plate- A large, solid piece of the earth’s crust that includes the continents and ocean floor. – These plates float or ride on the asthenosphere. ...
How do the Tectonic Plates on the Earth`s crust move ? The crust of
... The process of sea floor spreading is caused by hot magma rising through the mantle towards the crust. In some parts of the world the tectonic plates are separating such as the along the Mid Atlantic Ridge deep in the Atlantic Ocean. Where this happens, magma rises through the gap between the separa ...
... The process of sea floor spreading is caused by hot magma rising through the mantle towards the crust. In some parts of the world the tectonic plates are separating such as the along the Mid Atlantic Ridge deep in the Atlantic Ocean. Where this happens, magma rises through the gap between the separa ...
Plate Tectonics
... • Get into teams of three • Each person will focus on one type of boundary – divergent (Column A) – convergent (Column B) – transform (Column C) ...
... • Get into teams of three • Each person will focus on one type of boundary – divergent (Column A) – convergent (Column B) – transform (Column C) ...
Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory
... – develop at the leading edge of a continental plate Passive margins: wider, built up from sedimentation – found within plates rather than at a boundary ...
... – develop at the leading edge of a continental plate Passive margins: wider, built up from sedimentation – found within plates rather than at a boundary ...
What type of boundary is…
... The lithosphere is Earth’s crust plus the rigid upper part of Earth’s mantle. The map shows plates of the lithosphere. What does the map tell you about the plates? A The plates are all moving in the same direction. B The plates are all the same size. C Plates and continents are different. D Where t ...
... The lithosphere is Earth’s crust plus the rigid upper part of Earth’s mantle. The map shows plates of the lithosphere. What does the map tell you about the plates? A The plates are all moving in the same direction. B The plates are all the same size. C Plates and continents are different. D Where t ...
Discovering Plate Tectonics PDF Name
... ____3. Who came up with the theory of sea floor spreading? a. Alfred Wegener b. Harry Hess c. ancient Greeks ____4. Where does sea floor spreading happen? a. at the rift valley along the mid-ocean ridges b. at deep sea trenches c. at the Ring of Fire ____5. What material forms new ocean floor? a. se ...
... ____3. Who came up with the theory of sea floor spreading? a. Alfred Wegener b. Harry Hess c. ancient Greeks ____4. Where does sea floor spreading happen? a. at the rift valley along the mid-ocean ridges b. at deep sea trenches c. at the Ring of Fire ____5. What material forms new ocean floor? a. se ...
Plate Tectonics: Ch. 22.4 Self Quiz
... 6. The patterns of magnetic striping on the sea – floor indicate that … a. Rocks of the ocean floor are all the same age. b. Rocks of the ocean floor vary in age c. Rocks of the ocean floor are the oldest on the ...
... 6. The patterns of magnetic striping on the sea – floor indicate that … a. Rocks of the ocean floor are all the same age. b. Rocks of the ocean floor vary in age c. Rocks of the ocean floor are the oldest on the ...
Plate Tectonics: Ch. 22.4 Self Quiz
... 6. The patterns of magnetic striping on the sea – floor indicate that … a. Rocks of the ocean floor are all the same age. b. Rocks of the ocean floor vary in age c. Rocks of the ocean floor are the oldest on the ...
... 6. The patterns of magnetic striping on the sea – floor indicate that … a. Rocks of the ocean floor are all the same age. b. Rocks of the ocean floor vary in age c. Rocks of the ocean floor are the oldest on the ...
Word - Manchester Geological Association
... anywhere in the world. It has been the subject of intensive field, geophysical and geochemical investigations for over 30 years with work by major groups from the USGS, University of Montpelier in France, the Open University and Cardiff University in the UK, and more recently groups from Japan and G ...
... anywhere in the world. It has been the subject of intensive field, geophysical and geochemical investigations for over 30 years with work by major groups from the USGS, University of Montpelier in France, the Open University and Cardiff University in the UK, and more recently groups from Japan and G ...
PowerPoint for Review
... • The ocean basin is located on either side of the mid-ocean ridge. • It is made up of low hills and flat plains. • The flat area of the basin is called the abyssal plains. • This is where seamounts are generally formed. ...
... • The ocean basin is located on either side of the mid-ocean ridge. • It is made up of low hills and flat plains. • The flat area of the basin is called the abyssal plains. • This is where seamounts are generally formed. ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.