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... mice to either double-transgenic Pet1::Flpe (Jensen et al., 2008), RC:: FPDi (Ray et al., 2011) mice, Pet1::Flpe, RC::FrePe (Brust et al., 2014) mice, or Pet1::Flpe; RC::FPSiT (Niederkofler et al., 2016) mice. Doubleand single-transgenic sex-matched littermates served as controls. Respiratory assays ...
... mice to either double-transgenic Pet1::Flpe (Jensen et al., 2008), RC:: FPDi (Ray et al., 2011) mice, Pet1::Flpe, RC::FrePe (Brust et al., 2014) mice, or Pet1::Flpe; RC::FPSiT (Niederkofler et al., 2016) mice. Doubleand single-transgenic sex-matched littermates served as controls. Respiratory assays ...
Thyroid - Milestone Centers, Inc.
... Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism or an underactive thyroid is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. This can happen because of problems within the thyroid gland itself or because of a feedback mechanism involving the brain which regulates the function of the thyro ...
... Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism or an underactive thyroid is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. This can happen because of problems within the thyroid gland itself or because of a feedback mechanism involving the brain which regulates the function of the thyro ...
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral
... a tonotopic and narrowly tuned input to the DCN, whereas radiate neurons provided a broadly tuned input and thus, were strong candidates as the source of broadband inhibition (Doucet and Ryugo [1997] J. Comp. Neurol. 385:245–264). We tested this idea by combining retrograde labeling and glycine immu ...
... a tonotopic and narrowly tuned input to the DCN, whereas radiate neurons provided a broadly tuned input and thus, were strong candidates as the source of broadband inhibition (Doucet and Ryugo [1997] J. Comp. Neurol. 385:245–264). We tested this idea by combining retrograde labeling and glycine immu ...
New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... convergence of CS and US inputs increases the efficacy of synapses conveying information about the CS to the LA (LeDoux 2000; Walker and Davis 2000). As a result, subsequent presentations of the CS alone evoke larger responses in the LA (Collins and Paré 2000; Quirk et al. 1995; Repa et al. 2001). ...
... convergence of CS and US inputs increases the efficacy of synapses conveying information about the CS to the LA (LeDoux 2000; Walker and Davis 2000). As a result, subsequent presentations of the CS alone evoke larger responses in the LA (Collins and Paré 2000; Quirk et al. 1995; Repa et al. 2001). ...
Thyroid Problems After Childhood Cancer
... functions including growth, puberty, energy level, urine production, and stress response. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes (in males). The hypothalamus and pituitary are sometimes called the “master glan ...
... functions including growth, puberty, energy level, urine production, and stress response. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes (in males). The hypothalamus and pituitary are sometimes called the “master glan ...
Introduction to long-term follow-up
... growth, puberty, energy level, urine production, and stress response. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes (in males). The hypothalamus and pituitary are sometimes called the "master glands" because they con ...
... growth, puberty, energy level, urine production, and stress response. Glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries (in females), and testes (in males). The hypothalamus and pituitary are sometimes called the "master glands" because they con ...
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to
... © 2014 Kang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original wo ...
... © 2014 Kang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original wo ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... The ratio of LOC to MOC neurons is also variable among species. In the extreme, a bat species similar to the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi, lacks MOC neurons; in contrast, guinea pigs have approximately equal numbers of LOC and MOC neurons (Aschoff and Ostwald 1987). In cats and mice, the percent ...
... The ratio of LOC to MOC neurons is also variable among species. In the extreme, a bat species similar to the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi, lacks MOC neurons; in contrast, guinea pigs have approximately equal numbers of LOC and MOC neurons (Aschoff and Ostwald 1987). In cats and mice, the percent ...
Evaluation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in children with
... hyperresponsiveness is a frequent finding in patients with GH deficiency of hypothalamic origin (unpublished data). Previous studies conducted on patients with DS reinforce the hypothesis of reduced secretion of dopamine in the CNS and describe atrophy and reduction of the number of dopamine-produci ...
... hyperresponsiveness is a frequent finding in patients with GH deficiency of hypothalamic origin (unpublished data). Previous studies conducted on patients with DS reinforce the hypothesis of reduced secretion of dopamine in the CNS and describe atrophy and reduction of the number of dopamine-produci ...
Neonatal Programming of Body Weight Regulation and Energetic
... receptor (Chua et al., 1996). Unfortunately, human studies have shown the scarcity of such mutations as causes of obesity (Considine et al., 1996), and leptin deficiency is a rare occurrence in human obesity. Instead, most obese humans exhibit elevated levels of circulating leptin correlated to body ...
... receptor (Chua et al., 1996). Unfortunately, human studies have shown the scarcity of such mutations as causes of obesity (Considine et al., 1996), and leptin deficiency is a rare occurrence in human obesity. Instead, most obese humans exhibit elevated levels of circulating leptin correlated to body ...
Imaging of the Pituitary Gland
... itary tissue on the latter. On T1-weighted sequences, microadenomas tend to appear as focal hypointense lesions. Occasionally, they are isointense or even hyperintense to the surrounding pituitary. Susceptibility artifacts from the interface between the sphenoid sinus and sella may project as low si ...
... itary tissue on the latter. On T1-weighted sequences, microadenomas tend to appear as focal hypointense lesions. Occasionally, they are isointense or even hyperintense to the surrounding pituitary. Susceptibility artifacts from the interface between the sphenoid sinus and sella may project as low si ...
Study of the relationship between calcium ion and thyroid hormones
... 99% of the body calcium is concentrated in the skeletal system and approximately 1% is rapidly exchangeable with blood calcium. Small amounts of calcium located outside the bone circulates in the serum partly bound to protein and partly ionized. Calcium has a major role in the transmission of nerve ...
... 99% of the body calcium is concentrated in the skeletal system and approximately 1% is rapidly exchangeable with blood calcium. Small amounts of calcium located outside the bone circulates in the serum partly bound to protein and partly ionized. Calcium has a major role in the transmission of nerve ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... Strong lines of evidence also implicate RP in the descending control of thermoregulatory cold defense. Bicuculline microinjection into RP elicits nonshivering thermogenesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) (Morrison et al. 1999), whereas muscimol microinjection into RP blocks the BAT ...
... Strong lines of evidence also implicate RP in the descending control of thermoregulatory cold defense. Bicuculline microinjection into RP elicits nonshivering thermogenesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) (Morrison et al. 1999), whereas muscimol microinjection into RP blocks the BAT ...
Dietary fat type and level affect thyroid hormone plasma
... Nutrition, both the amount and composition of food, level of macronutrients and specific micronutrients, has been shown to affect hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroidal axis activity (Kopp, 2004). Dietary fatty acid composition has been found to influence thyrotropin (TSH) secretion (Clandinin et al., 1998 ...
... Nutrition, both the amount and composition of food, level of macronutrients and specific micronutrients, has been shown to affect hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroidal axis activity (Kopp, 2004). Dietary fatty acid composition has been found to influence thyrotropin (TSH) secretion (Clandinin et al., 1998 ...
Does Cord blood of thyroid stimulating hormone, T3 and T4 levels in
... The fetal thyroid and pituitary thyroid axis start to function late in the first trimester of pregnancy. The secretory activity of fetal thyroid gland begins to increase by mid-gestation and total T4 levels rise progressively in the fetal blood until term.(8) The threshold for negative feed back fro ...
... The fetal thyroid and pituitary thyroid axis start to function late in the first trimester of pregnancy. The secretory activity of fetal thyroid gland begins to increase by mid-gestation and total T4 levels rise progressively in the fetal blood until term.(8) The threshold for negative feed back fro ...
Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
... (b) The baroreflex pathway is shown on its own. Stretch receptor afferent neurons from the aortic arch and carotid sinus and the neurons synapse in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Neurons in the NTS then activate inhibitory neurons (blue) in the caudal ventrolateral medulla, which in turn inhi ...
... (b) The baroreflex pathway is shown on its own. Stretch receptor afferent neurons from the aortic arch and carotid sinus and the neurons synapse in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Neurons in the NTS then activate inhibitory neurons (blue) in the caudal ventrolateral medulla, which in turn inhi ...
Patterns of GABAergic Immunoreactivity Define Subdivisions of the
... auditory thalamic neurons are immunopositive; 3) the density of immunoreactive puncta is independent of the number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamic divisions, with the ventral division having the largest number/unit area, the medial division about 75% of this value, and the dorsal division only ...
... auditory thalamic neurons are immunopositive; 3) the density of immunoreactive puncta is independent of the number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamic divisions, with the ventral division having the largest number/unit area, the medial division about 75% of this value, and the dorsal division only ...
Thyroidectomy - JATC Surgical Technology
... thyroid. The size of incision varies, it is generally done two fingerbreadths above the clavicular head. ...
... thyroid. The size of incision varies, it is generally done two fingerbreadths above the clavicular head. ...
thyroid hormones regulate mitochondrial respiration as well
... Our studies describe the effect of T3 on the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme homeostasis in a fresh water teleost, Anabas testudineus. These experiments suggest the possibility that certain of the clinical and biochemical manifestations of T 3 can be ...
... Our studies describe the effect of T3 on the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme homeostasis in a fresh water teleost, Anabas testudineus. These experiments suggest the possibility that certain of the clinical and biochemical manifestations of T 3 can be ...
Learning winner-take-all competition between groups of neurons in
... In this section we characterize the conditions under which the lateral inhibition of Eq. (4) enforces winner-take-all competition between the groups of neurons. That is, the only sets of neurons that can be coactivated at a stable steady state are the groups and their subsets. This is done by perfor ...
... In this section we characterize the conditions under which the lateral inhibition of Eq. (4) enforces winner-take-all competition between the groups of neurons. That is, the only sets of neurons that can be coactivated at a stable steady state are the groups and their subsets. This is done by perfor ...
Interpretive Guide for Adrenal Stress
... The adrenal hormones, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are steroids produced in the adrenal cortex via the pathway outlined in Figure 1. They are actively involved in the body’s development, growth, immune response, and cardiovascular function. They affect carbohydrate, protein, and lipi ...
... The adrenal hormones, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are steroids produced in the adrenal cortex via the pathway outlined in Figure 1. They are actively involved in the body’s development, growth, immune response, and cardiovascular function. They affect carbohydrate, protein, and lipi ...
Estrogenic influences in pain processing Linköping University Post Print
... from the hypothalamus that in turn induce the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary. When the stimulating hormones reach steroid-producing cells, they immediately induce mobilization of cholesterol thus initiating steroid synthesis. The regulation is complex, including both negative and positive ...
... from the hypothalamus that in turn induce the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary. When the stimulating hormones reach steroid-producing cells, they immediately induce mobilization of cholesterol thus initiating steroid synthesis. The regulation is complex, including both negative and positive ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... time-course of recovery from one species to another (cat and rat for example) (] ); such differences could also affect different strains of rats. The neural mechanisms underlying this tendency to normal resting activity are unknown. Neural inputs from the remaining labyrinth acting through brainstem ...
... time-course of recovery from one species to another (cat and rat for example) (] ); such differences could also affect different strains of rats. The neural mechanisms underlying this tendency to normal resting activity are unknown. Neural inputs from the remaining labyrinth acting through brainstem ...
13 Signs of Hypothyroidism: Do You Know What
... This symptom may seem very vague and general, but it’s not. In the renowned DanThyr (Danish Thyroid) study from Denmark, 4 out of 5 men and women with hypothyroidism reported experiencing chronic fatigue. This is actually the number 1 most commonly reported symptom (2). Excessive fatigue and weaknes ...
... This symptom may seem very vague and general, but it’s not. In the renowned DanThyr (Danish Thyroid) study from Denmark, 4 out of 5 men and women with hypothyroidism reported experiencing chronic fatigue. This is actually the number 1 most commonly reported symptom (2). Excessive fatigue and weaknes ...
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus (from Greek ὑπό, ""under"" and θάλαμος, ""room, chamber"") is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, just above the brainstem and is part of the limbic system. In the terminology of neuroanatomy, it forms the ventral part of the diencephalon. All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. In humans, it is the size of an almond.The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones.The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.