Metabolism
... reactions that provide energy for the production of ATP • This energy is used to generate ATP from phosphorylation of ADP. • It is a series of Redox reactions. ...
... reactions that provide energy for the production of ATP • This energy is used to generate ATP from phosphorylation of ADP. • It is a series of Redox reactions. ...
PPT
... (rather an inorgainc molecules containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, etc..). • Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the ...
... (rather an inorgainc molecules containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, etc..). • Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the ...
Nobel Prizes 1907 Eduard Buchner, cell
... groups),(Lipoateelectron,acyl carriers, swings between three different active sites of the PDComplex),TPP,FAD,NAD+);3 enz(E1: PDH, E2: Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, E3: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase)|Pathway:8 steps:1.A-CoAcitrate( Hydrolysis of the thioester bondmuch energy;citrate synthase confor ...
... groups),(Lipoateelectron,acyl carriers, swings between three different active sites of the PDComplex),TPP,FAD,NAD+);3 enz(E1: PDH, E2: Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, E3: Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase)|Pathway:8 steps:1.A-CoAcitrate( Hydrolysis of the thioester bondmuch energy;citrate synthase confor ...
Answer Set 3
... subunits in the ATP synthase collar, and this may vary among organisms.) b. 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. H+ energy gradient problem As described in lecture, the free energy of a reaction involving electrically charged materials can be described by the following formula: ΔG = RT ln ([product]/[reactant] ...
... subunits in the ATP synthase collar, and this may vary among organisms.) b. 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. H+ energy gradient problem As described in lecture, the free energy of a reaction involving electrically charged materials can be described by the following formula: ΔG = RT ln ([product]/[reactant] ...
Introductory Microbiology Chap. 5 Chapter Outlines/Notes I
... Note: Cells use only two kinds of energy: 1) light energy: trapped and used by plants, algae, and some bacteria for photosynthesis and 2) chemical energy: the energy held in the bonds of various chemicals. Cells do not use thermal or electrical energy because they don't have thermal or electrical co ...
... Note: Cells use only two kinds of energy: 1) light energy: trapped and used by plants, algae, and some bacteria for photosynthesis and 2) chemical energy: the energy held in the bonds of various chemicals. Cells do not use thermal or electrical energy because they don't have thermal or electrical co ...
Energy
... molecules (6x10 ATP = + 60 ATP). The total energy yield is 78 ATP per lauric acid. • 1 mole (200g) lauric acid yields 78 moles ATP • 1 mole (180g) glucose yields 30-32 moles ATP • Fats and oils yield 9 Calories per gram • Carbohydrates yield 4 Calories per gram • Each gram of glycogen can hold as mu ...
... molecules (6x10 ATP = + 60 ATP). The total energy yield is 78 ATP per lauric acid. • 1 mole (200g) lauric acid yields 78 moles ATP • 1 mole (180g) glucose yields 30-32 moles ATP • Fats and oils yield 9 Calories per gram • Carbohydrates yield 4 Calories per gram • Each gram of glycogen can hold as mu ...
The energy systems - TrackandFieldScience.com
... system breaks the food down into molecules the cells can use to produce the power it needs for its ATP recharging mechanisms. The recharging mechanisms are: • The phosphocreatine (PCr) mechanism. This is a super fast system. It uses the energy stored in creatine phosphate as its power source. The ce ...
... system breaks the food down into molecules the cells can use to produce the power it needs for its ATP recharging mechanisms. The recharging mechanisms are: • The phosphocreatine (PCr) mechanism. This is a super fast system. It uses the energy stored in creatine phosphate as its power source. The ce ...
Energy - Doctor Jade Main
... the body. It degrades athletic performance by impairing muscle cell contraction and produces physical discomfort. Glycolysis is used only for short bursts of high level activity lasting several minutes at most. This process cannot supply ATP for longer, endurance activities. Citric Acid Cycle A spec ...
... the body. It degrades athletic performance by impairing muscle cell contraction and produces physical discomfort. Glycolysis is used only for short bursts of high level activity lasting several minutes at most. This process cannot supply ATP for longer, endurance activities. Citric Acid Cycle A spec ...
Energy Systems
... lowered and this has an effect on enzyme action. PFK, the controlling enzyme, is then inhibited and the ability to regenerate ATP is reduced. This affects performance, for example ‘burning out’ at the end of a race Only a small amount of energy (5%) locked inside a glycogen molecule can be release ...
... lowered and this has an effect on enzyme action. PFK, the controlling enzyme, is then inhibited and the ability to regenerate ATP is reduced. This affects performance, for example ‘burning out’ at the end of a race Only a small amount of energy (5%) locked inside a glycogen molecule can be release ...
Name: Student Number
... (c) Write out a balanced reaction showing how the Hill reagent is modified in the light reactions in chloroplasts. (d) How does light energy make electron transfer possible at the atomic level? ...
... (c) Write out a balanced reaction showing how the Hill reagent is modified in the light reactions in chloroplasts. (d) How does light energy make electron transfer possible at the atomic level? ...
Slide 1
... – ATP is generated through chemisosmosis – Occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane ...
... – ATP is generated through chemisosmosis – Occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane ...
Chapter 9 Modified
... phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via ...
... phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis • Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food • These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via ...
Exam #2 Review
... 2. Because reactions are constantly taking place within a cell, the total internal energy of that cell is constantly changing. The changes observe the First Law of Thermodynamics in that if the cell looses energy, the surroundings gains it and vise versa. The change in the total internal energy of a ...
... 2. Because reactions are constantly taking place within a cell, the total internal energy of that cell is constantly changing. The changes observe the First Law of Thermodynamics in that if the cell looses energy, the surroundings gains it and vise versa. The change in the total internal energy of a ...
13-Krebs cycle
... The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
... The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
13-Krebs cycle
... The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
... The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle– is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in ...
called Oxidative phosphorylation.
... carbons of glucose to CO2 via glycolysis and CAC without any oxygen molecule directly involved. In all the oxidative reactions so far, the electron acceptors (i.e. the oxidizing agents) were NAD+ and a FAD. The free energy released in these oxidation reactions were stored as reduced compounds (NADH ...
... carbons of glucose to CO2 via glycolysis and CAC without any oxygen molecule directly involved. In all the oxidative reactions so far, the electron acceptors (i.e. the oxidizing agents) were NAD+ and a FAD. The free energy released in these oxidation reactions were stored as reduced compounds (NADH ...
Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative phosphorylation So far we
... carbons of glucose to CO2 via glycolysis and CAC without any oxygen molecule directly involved. In all the oxidative reactions so far, the electron acceptors (i.e. the oxidizing agents) were NAD+ and a FAD. The free energy released in these oxidation reactions were stored as reduced compounds (NADH ...
... carbons of glucose to CO2 via glycolysis and CAC without any oxygen molecule directly involved. In all the oxidative reactions so far, the electron acceptors (i.e. the oxidizing agents) were NAD+ and a FAD. The free energy released in these oxidation reactions were stored as reduced compounds (NADH ...
METABOLISM
... Lipolysis = triglycerides are split into fatty acids and glycerol. As a part of normal fatty acid catabolism, ketone bodies are formed. An excess of ketone bodies (ketosis), may cause acidosis or abnormally low blood pH. ...
... Lipolysis = triglycerides are split into fatty acids and glycerol. As a part of normal fatty acid catabolism, ketone bodies are formed. An excess of ketone bodies (ketosis), may cause acidosis or abnormally low blood pH. ...
Cell Size and Shape
... H+ ions from the matrix are pumped into the space between the cristae and the outer membrane A H+ gradient develops between the inside and outside of the cristae This pH differential creates free energy H+ pass back across the membrane through ATP synthase, producing ATP from ADP + Pi O2 is the fina ...
... H+ ions from the matrix are pumped into the space between the cristae and the outer membrane A H+ gradient develops between the inside and outside of the cristae This pH differential creates free energy H+ pass back across the membrane through ATP synthase, producing ATP from ADP + Pi O2 is the fina ...
Lactic Acid Fermentation
... fermentation, the pyruvate breaks down into Ethanol (alcohol) as it gives off one carbon dioxide (per pyruvate) while accepting two electrons from NADH. This breaks down NADH into NAD+ so that it can be used by Glycolysis again and again. In bacteria (prokaryotes), this has to happen because there a ...
... fermentation, the pyruvate breaks down into Ethanol (alcohol) as it gives off one carbon dioxide (per pyruvate) while accepting two electrons from NADH. This breaks down NADH into NAD+ so that it can be used by Glycolysis again and again. In bacteria (prokaryotes), this has to happen because there a ...
Nucleic acids
... The fourth biological macromolecules are called nucleic acids. Nucleic acids carry and transmit genetic information. The two most common forms of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are made up of smaller monomers of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen called nucleotides. The ...
... The fourth biological macromolecules are called nucleic acids. Nucleic acids carry and transmit genetic information. The two most common forms of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are made up of smaller monomers of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen called nucleotides. The ...
electron transport chain
... This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs fo ...
... This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs fo ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.