Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... activated 3 days before injection by incubation with antigen and irradiated thymocyte antigen presenting cell (APC) as described below. For irradiation, rats were anesthetized systemically with 75 ml Hypnorm (fluanisone, 10 mg/ml; and fentanyl citrate, 0.315 mg/ml; Janssen Pharmaceutica, Goirle, The ...
... activated 3 days before injection by incubation with antigen and irradiated thymocyte antigen presenting cell (APC) as described below. For irradiation, rats were anesthetized systemically with 75 ml Hypnorm (fluanisone, 10 mg/ml; and fentanyl citrate, 0.315 mg/ml; Janssen Pharmaceutica, Goirle, The ...
Interferon Therapy
... Interferon Basics • Interferons play an important role in the first line of defense against viral infections • Interferons are part of the non-specific immune system • Interferons are made by cells in response to an appropriate stimulus ...
... Interferon Basics • Interferons play an important role in the first line of defense against viral infections • Interferons are part of the non-specific immune system • Interferons are made by cells in response to an appropriate stimulus ...
Type I IFN promotes NK cell expansion during viral infection
... T ype I interferon (IFN) is crucial in host antiviral defense. Previous studies have described the pleiotropic role of type I IFNs on innate and adaptive immune cells during viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells from mice lacking the type I IFN-α receptor (Ifnar−/−) or ...
... T ype I interferon (IFN) is crucial in host antiviral defense. Previous studies have described the pleiotropic role of type I IFNs on innate and adaptive immune cells during viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells from mice lacking the type I IFN-α receptor (Ifnar−/−) or ...
Type I IFN promotes NK cell expansion during viral infection
... T ype I interferon (IFN) is crucial in host antiviral defense. Previous studies have described the pleiotropic role of type I IFNs on innate and adaptive immune cells during viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells from mice lacking the type I IFN-α receptor (Ifnar−/−) or ...
... T ype I interferon (IFN) is crucial in host antiviral defense. Previous studies have described the pleiotropic role of type I IFNs on innate and adaptive immune cells during viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells from mice lacking the type I IFN-α receptor (Ifnar−/−) or ...
antigens
... enter the body by inhalation, ingestion or injection. these are taken by the APCs and degraded into small peptides. APCs then present them to helper T cells by using MHC type II molecules. ...
... enter the body by inhalation, ingestion or injection. these are taken by the APCs and degraded into small peptides. APCs then present them to helper T cells by using MHC type II molecules. ...
Immune control of mammalian gamma- herpesviruses: lessons from
... that of I-Ab2/2 and IFN-cR2/2 mice reflects chronic lytic replication. Db2M2/2 mice also have no CD1-restricted NKT cells, reduced serum IgG concentrations and altered NK cell repertoires. dDespite an acute latency amplification deficit, chronic lytic replication is increased. §Normal B cell latency ...
... that of I-Ab2/2 and IFN-cR2/2 mice reflects chronic lytic replication. Db2M2/2 mice also have no CD1-restricted NKT cells, reduced serum IgG concentrations and altered NK cell repertoires. dDespite an acute latency amplification deficit, chronic lytic replication is increased. §Normal B cell latency ...
The nervous system and innate immunity: The neuropeptide
... In particular, NPY is expressed by a class of glial cells that lie within the olfactory epithelium called olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) (Fig. 4). OEC are a specialized class of glial cells that accompany olfactory sensory neurons as they extend axonal processes from the epithelium through the sk ...
... In particular, NPY is expressed by a class of glial cells that lie within the olfactory epithelium called olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) (Fig. 4). OEC are a specialized class of glial cells that accompany olfactory sensory neurons as they extend axonal processes from the epithelium through the sk ...
Th1 and Th17 Cells Regulate Innate Immune Responses and
... Despite this information, the mechanisms responsible for maintaining a robust innate immune response to ensure pathogen clearance during late-stage CNS infection remain relatively undefined. One possibility is that components of adaptive immunity, in particular various T cell populations, provide cr ...
... Despite this information, the mechanisms responsible for maintaining a robust innate immune response to ensure pathogen clearance during late-stage CNS infection remain relatively undefined. One possibility is that components of adaptive immunity, in particular various T cell populations, provide cr ...
Review series on helminths, immune modulation
... How might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes? appeared to be compelling following the isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a diabetic patient and the ability of certain viral infections to initiate diabetes in mice or non-human primates.12–15 The apparent seasonal onset of T1D fur ...
... How might infection modulate the onset of type 1 diabetes? appeared to be compelling following the isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a diabetic patient and the ability of certain viral infections to initiate diabetes in mice or non-human primates.12–15 The apparent seasonal onset of T1D fur ...
B Lymphocytes in Multiple Sclerosis: Bregs and BTLA
... demyelinating plaques of MS patients1–3; there is, however, substantial evidence that B lymphocytes can regulate immune responses by mechanisms other than producing antibodies. Thus, B cells generate cytokines that modulate immune responses4, and a number of animal studies show that the selective ma ...
... demyelinating plaques of MS patients1–3; there is, however, substantial evidence that B lymphocytes can regulate immune responses by mechanisms other than producing antibodies. Thus, B cells generate cytokines that modulate immune responses4, and a number of animal studies show that the selective ma ...
Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy
... spread is seen in many patients even years after excision of the primary tumor. One may, therefore, speculate as to the existence of a continuous battle between the immune system and occult tumor cells. In this scenario, tumor progression could be a consequence of a compromised immune system or coul ...
... spread is seen in many patients even years after excision of the primary tumor. One may, therefore, speculate as to the existence of a continuous battle between the immune system and occult tumor cells. In this scenario, tumor progression could be a consequence of a compromised immune system or coul ...
Immunotherapy for prostate cancer: the next step?
... There was no difference in the primary endpoint of PFS. Common adverse events were fever, nausea, fatigue and injection site reactions.14 It is not yet clear at which stage of disease PROSTVAC-VF will be most effective; the results of studies evaluating its use in non-metastatic hormone-sensitive pr ...
... There was no difference in the primary endpoint of PFS. Common adverse events were fever, nausea, fatigue and injection site reactions.14 It is not yet clear at which stage of disease PROSTVAC-VF will be most effective; the results of studies evaluating its use in non-metastatic hormone-sensitive pr ...
A Review of Artificial Immune System Based Security Frameworks
... immunology Danger Theory which states that the response type of the immune system to the incoming pathogens occurs due to the existence of danger or safe signals from the body tissues affected by the pathogen, as illustrated in Figure 1 [5]. DCA is a danger project contribution that utilizes the DC ...
... immunology Danger Theory which states that the response type of the immune system to the incoming pathogens occurs due to the existence of danger or safe signals from the body tissues affected by the pathogen, as illustrated in Figure 1 [5]. DCA is a danger project contribution that utilizes the DC ...
Forcing Tumor Cells to Present Their Own Tumor Antigens to the
... and phagocytosed by DCs or other APCs, processed through the exogenous pathway and expressed on MHC class II molecules for antigen presentation to Th cells (43). However, the availability of soluble antigen to charge MHC class II molecules is limited by the low levels of antigen released (e.g., by c ...
... and phagocytosed by DCs or other APCs, processed through the exogenous pathway and expressed on MHC class II molecules for antigen presentation to Th cells (43). However, the availability of soluble antigen to charge MHC class II molecules is limited by the low levels of antigen released (e.g., by c ...
Review Article Thyroid dysfunction: an autoimmune aspect
... Sachaguchi S and Schevach EM reported lack of T regulatory cells in humans and mice results in various systemic autoimmune disorders such as thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, inflammated ovaries etc [11, 12]. Activated organ specific CD4+ T cells recruit B cells by fixing complete immune response thr ...
... Sachaguchi S and Schevach EM reported lack of T regulatory cells in humans and mice results in various systemic autoimmune disorders such as thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, inflammated ovaries etc [11, 12]. Activated organ specific CD4+ T cells recruit B cells by fixing complete immune response thr ...
Lymphatics and Immunity
... Each lymph node is divided into two general regions, the capsule and the cortex. The capsule is an outer layer of connective tissue. Underlying the capsule is the cortex, a region containing mostly inactivated B and T lymphocytes plus numerous accessory cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. ...
... Each lymph node is divided into two general regions, the capsule and the cortex. The capsule is an outer layer of connective tissue. Underlying the capsule is the cortex, a region containing mostly inactivated B and T lymphocytes plus numerous accessory cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. ...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Fc RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN
... incubated with 40,u1 Agg (5 mg/ml) in 0.2 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 1.5 mM sodium azide for 30 min at 4°C. The cells were washed twice and then exposed to 25,u1 Fl-rabbit IgG antihuman Ig in 0.2 ml PBS-BSA for a further period of 30 min at 4°C. L ...
... incubated with 40,u1 Agg (5 mg/ml) in 0.2 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 1.5 mM sodium azide for 30 min at 4°C. The cells were washed twice and then exposed to 25,u1 Fl-rabbit IgG antihuman Ig in 0.2 ml PBS-BSA for a further period of 30 min at 4°C. L ...
History of Immunology
... Now, in medical terms, it denotes resistance to reinfection/free of disease. ...
... Now, in medical terms, it denotes resistance to reinfection/free of disease. ...
Candida albicans Daniel Gozalbo , Victoria Maneu , María Luisa Gil
... data suggested that neonatal macrophages have a normal capacity to ingest and kill Candida but cannot be fully activated by IFNγ, a finding that could not be attributed to lower expression or binding of IFN-γ receptor to its ligand on neonatal cells. Remarkably, a significantly decreased Stat-1 pho ...
... data suggested that neonatal macrophages have a normal capacity to ingest and kill Candida but cannot be fully activated by IFNγ, a finding that could not be attributed to lower expression or binding of IFN-γ receptor to its ligand on neonatal cells. Remarkably, a significantly decreased Stat-1 pho ...
ducing antibodies with a slightly different configuration at the antigen-
... them to bind to host cells. If they react with the right epitope, antibodies can prevent the binding of viruses,15 toxins,16 or bacteria.17 As an example, antibodies to bacterial endotoxins reduce lethality in animal models18 and ameliorate gram-negative bacteremia in humans.19 The challenge for vac ...
... them to bind to host cells. If they react with the right epitope, antibodies can prevent the binding of viruses,15 toxins,16 or bacteria.17 As an example, antibodies to bacterial endotoxins reduce lethality in animal models18 and ameliorate gram-negative bacteremia in humans.19 The challenge for vac ...
Disease ecology meets ecological immunology
... higher incidence of respiratory infections and lower expression of antimicrobial peptides (Cannell et al. 2006). For example, one study of pneumococcal disease in humans showed that the strongest predictor of new cases was extended periods of low UV radiation (White et al. 2009), which the authors a ...
... higher incidence of respiratory infections and lower expression of antimicrobial peptides (Cannell et al. 2006). For example, one study of pneumococcal disease in humans showed that the strongest predictor of new cases was extended periods of low UV radiation (White et al. 2009), which the authors a ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.