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Life Cycle of a Glioma* From a Molecular Genomic
Life Cycle of a Glioma* From a Molecular Genomic

... Jamshidi N, Diehn M, Bredel M, et al. Illuminating radiogenomic characteristics of glioblastoma multiforme through integration of MR imaging, messenger RNA expression, and DNA copy number variation. Radiology. 2014 Jan;270(1):12. doi: 10.1148/radiol.13130078. Epub 2013 Oct 28. ...
Biotechnology toolkit part 2
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... 4. The plasmids are transformed into bacteria. Plasmids are added to a suspension of bacteria. Transformation (the uptake of plasmids) is promoted by a chilling followed by a brief warming to 40ºC, a small proportion of the bacteria are transformed by taking up the DNA. 5. The bacteria and plasmid s ...
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... Accepted for publication December 27, 1988 ...
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The Difference Makers

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Mutation



In biology, a mutation is a permanent change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Mutations result from damage to DNA which is not repaired or to RNA genomes (typically caused by radiation or chemical mutagens), errors in the process of replication, or from the insertion or deletion of segments of DNA by mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including junctional diversity.Mutation can result in several different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions. One study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggests that, if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial. Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to prevent or correct mutations by reverting the mutated sequence back to its original state.
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